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  • RASHIDUN CALIPHATE (c. 632 CE – 661 CE) – Arabian Peninsula, Levant, Persia, North Africa
  • UMAYYAD CALIPHATE (c. 661 CE – 750 CE) – Middle East, North Africa, Spain, Central Asia
  • ABBASID CALIPHATE (c. 750 CE – 1258 CE, 1261 CE – 1517 CE) – Middle East, North Africa, Central Asia
  • TAHIRID DYNASTY (c. 821 CE – 873 CE) – Persia (Iran, Afghanistan)
  • TULUNID DYNASTY (c. 868 CE – 905 CE) – Egypt, Levant
  • IKHSHIDID DYNASTY (c. 935 CE – 969 CE) – Egypt, Levant, Arabia
  • FATIMID CALIPHATE (c. 909 CE – 1171 CE) – North Africa, Egypt, Levant, Hijaz
  • SAMANID EMPIRE (c. 819 CE – 999 CE) – Persia, Transoxiana (Iran, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan)
  • BUWAYHID DYNASTY (c. 945 CE – 1055 CE) – Persia, Mesopotamia
  • GHZNAVID EMPIRE (c. 977 CE – 1186 CE) – Persia, Afghanistan, North India
  • GHURID EMPIRE (c. 879 CE – 1215 CE) – Persia, Afghanistan, North India
  • SELJUK EMPIRE (c. 1037 CE – 1194 CE) – Persia, Anatolia, Levant, Central Asia
  • ALMORAVID DYNASTY (c. 1040 CE – 1147 CE) – North Africa, Spain
  • ALMOHAD CALIPHATE (c. 1121 CE – 1269 CE) – North Africa, Spain
  • ZENGID DYNASTY (c. 1127 CE – 1250 CE) – Levant, Mesopotamia
  • AYYUBID DYNASTY (c. 1171 CE – 1260 CE) – Egypt, Levant, Arabia
  • DELHI SULTANATE (c. 1206 CE – 1526 CE) – North India
  • MAMLUK SULTANATE (c. 1250 CE – 1517 CE) – Egypt, Levant, Arabia
  • MARINID DYNASTY (c. 1244 CE – 1465 CE) – Morocco, North Africa
  • HAFSID DYNASTY (c. 1229 CE – 1574 CE) – North Africa (Tunisia, Algeria, Libya)
  • ILKHANATE (c. 1256 CE – 1335 CE) – Persia, Mesopotamia, Caucasus
  • NASRID DYNASTY (c. 1238 CE – 1492 CE) – Spain (Granada)
  • OTTOMAN EMPIRE (c. 1299 CE – 1922 CE) – Turkey, Middle East, Balkans, North Africa

  • SUMERIAN CIVILISATION (c. 4500 BCE – 1900 BCE) – Mesopotamia (Iraq)
  • ANCIENT EGYPT (c. 3100 BCE – 332 BCE) – Nile Valley (Egypt, Sudan)
  • NORTE CHICO CIVILISATION (c. 3000 BCE – 1800 BCE) – Peru
  • AKKADIAN EMPIRE (c. 2334 BCE – 2154 BCE) – Mesopotamia (Iraq)
  • OLD KINGDOM OF EGYPT (c. 2686 BCE – 2181 BCE) – Egypt
  • MINOAN CIVILISATION (c. 2700 BCE – 1100 BCE) – Crete, Greece
  • MIDDLE KINGDOM OF EGYPT (c. 2055 BCE – 1650 BCE) – Egypt
  • BABYLONIAN EMPIRE (c. 1894 BCE – 539 BCE) – Mesopotamia (Iraq)
  • HITTITE EMPIRE (c. 1600 BCE – 1178 BCE) – Anatolia (Turkey)
  • CHAVÍN CIVILISATION (c. 900 BCE – 200 BCE) – Peru
  • CARTHAGINIAN EMPIRE (c. 814 BCE – 146 BCE) – North Africa (Tunisia, Algeria)
  • PERSIAN EMPIRE (c. 550 BCE – 330 BCE) – Iran, Middle East, Central Asia
  • ROMAN REPUBLIC (c. 509 BCE – 27 BCE) – Italy, Mediterranean
  • NAZCA CIVILISATION (c. 100 BCE – 800 CE) – Peru
  • KINGDOM OF AKSUM (c. 100 CE – 940 CE) – Ethiopia, Eritrea
  • TEOTIHUACAN CIVILISATION (c. 100 CE – 750 CE) – Mexico
  • MOCHE CIVILISATION (c. 100 CE – 700 CE) – Peru
  • GUPTA EMPIRE (c. 319 CE – 550 CE) – India
  • TANG DYNASTY (c. 618 CE – 907 CE) – China
  • SONG DYNASTY (c. 960 CE – 1279 CE) – China
  • TIWANAKU EMPIRE (c. 300 CE – 1000 CE) – Bolivia, Peru
  • TOLTEC CIVILISATION (c. 900 CE – 1168 CE) – Mexico
  • GREAT ZIMBABWE CIVILISATION (c. 1100 CE – 1450 CE) – Zimbabwe, Mozambique
  • MALI EMPIRE (c. 1235 CE – 1600 CE) – West Africa (Mali, Senegal, Guinea)
  • MONGOL EMPIRE (c. 1206 CE – 1368 CE) – Central Asia, China, Russia
  • AZTEC EMPIRE (c. 1345 CE – 1521 CE) – Mexico
  • INCA EMPIRE (c. 1438 CE – 1533 CE) – Andean South America
  • MONGOL EMPIRE (c. 1206 CE – 1368 CE) – China, Central Asia, Persia, Russia, Middle East, Eastern Europe
  • OTTOMAN EMPIRE (c. 1299 CE – 1922 CE) – Turkey, Middle East, Balkans, North Africa
  • PORTUGUESE EMPIRE (c. 1415 CE – 1999 CE) – Africa, Asia, South America
  • SPANISH EMPIRE (c. 1492 CE – 1975 CE) – Americas, Europe, Africa, Asia
  • MUGHAL EMPIRE (c. 1526 CE – 1857 CE) – India, Pakistan, Afghanistan
  • BRITISH EMPIRE (c. 1583 CE – 1997 CE) – Americas, Africa, Asia, Australia
  • JAPANESE EMPIRE (c. 1868 CE – 1945 CE) – Japan, Korea, China, Pacific Islands

  • HAGIA SOPHIA (c. 537 CE) – Istanbul, Turkey
  • AL-MASJID AN-NABAWI (c. 622 CE–present) – Medina, Saudi Arabia
  • AL-MASJID AL-HARAM (c. 7th century CE–present) – Mecca, Saudi Arabia
  • OLD CAIRO (c. 7th century CE–present) – Egypt
  • GREAT MOSQUE OF KAIROUAN (c. 670 CE) – Tunisia
  • DOME OF THE ROCK (c. 691 CE) – Jerusalem, Palestine
  • GREAT MOSQUE OF DAMASCUS (c. 715 CE) – Syria
  • MEZQUITA-CATEDRAL DE CÓRDOBA (c. 785–987 CE) – Spain
  • JUMA MOSQUE (c. 8th century CE) – Azerbaijan
  • AL-ZAYTUNA MOSQUE (c. 8th century CE) – Tunis, Tunisia
  • AL-QARAWIYYIN MOSQUE AND UNIVERSITY (c. 859 CE) – Fez, Morocco
  • MEDINA OF FEZ (c. 9th century CE) – Morocco
  • ITCHAN KALA (c. 10th–19th century CE) – Khiva, Uzbekistan
  • GREAT MOSQUE OF TIMBUKTU (c. 13th–14th century CE) – Mali
  • ALHAMBRA (c. 13th–14th century CE) – Granada, Spain
  • GIRALDA TOWER (c. 1184–1198 CE) – Seville, Spain
  • KHOJA AHMED YASAWI MAUSOLEUM (c. 1389 CE) – Kazakhstan
  • BIBI-KHANYM MOSQUE (c. 1399–1404 CE) – Samarkand, Uzbekistan
  • TOPKAPI PALACE (c. 15th century CE) – Istanbul, Turkey
  • REGISTAN SQUARE (c. 15th–17th century CE) – Samarkand, Uzbekistan
  • CHARMINAR (c. 1591 CE) – Hyderabad, India
  • SULTAN AHMED MOSQUE (c. 1616 CE) – Istanbul, Turkey
  • TAJ MAHAL (c. 1632–1653 CE) – Agra, India
  • JAMA MASJID (c. 1656 CE) – Delhi, India
  • BADSHAHI MOSQUE (c. 1673 CE) – Lahore, Pakistan
  • SULTAN MOSQUE (c. 1824 CE) – Singapore

  • STONEHENGE (c. 3000–2000 BCE) – United Kingdom
  • PYRAMIDS OF GIZA (c. 2600 BCE) – Egypt
  • BABYLON (c. 18th century BCE) – Iraq
  • CARTHAGE (c. 9th century BCE–2nd century CE) – Tunisia
  • EPHESUS (c. 10th century BCE–4th century CE) – Turkey
  • GREAT WALL OF CHINA (c. 700 BCE–1600 CE) – China
  • SAMARKAND (c. 6th century BCE–present) – Uzbekistan
  • ACROPOLIS OF ATHENS (c. 5th century BCE) – Greece
  • PETRA (c. 4th century BCE) – Jordan
  • PALMYRA (c. 2nd century BCE–3rd century CE) – Syria
  • TEOTIHUACAN (c. 1st–7th century CE) – Mexico
  • COLOSSEUM (c. 80 CE) – Rome, Italy
  • HAGIA SOPHIA (c. 537 CE) – Istanbul, Turkey
  • MEZQUITA-CATEDRAL DE CÓRDOBA (c. 785 CE) – Spain
  • MONT-SAINT-MICHEL (c. 8th century CE) – France
  • MEDINA OF FEZ (c. 9th century CE) – Morocco
  • HISTORIC CENTRE OF PRAGUE (c. 9th–18th century CE) – Czech Republic
  • CHICHEN ITZA (c. 600–1200 CE) – Mexico
  • GREAT ZIMBABWE RUINS (c. 11th–15th century CE) – Zimbabwe
  • CUSCO (c. 11th–16th century CE) – Peru
  • LALIBELA ROCK-HEWN CHURCHES (c. 12th–13th century CE) – Ethiopia
  • ANGKOR WAT (c. 12th century CE) – Cambodia
  • TIMBUKTU (c. 12th–16th century CE) – Mali
  • HISTORIC CENTRE OF BRUGES (c. 12th–16th century CE) – Belgium
  • GOREME NATIONAL PARK AND ROCK SITES OF CAPPADOCIA (c. 4th–13th century CE) – Turkey
  • ALHAMBRA (c. 13th–14th century CE) – Granada, Spain
  • RAPA NUI NATIONAL PARK (c. 13th–16th century CE) – Chile
  • MOAI STATUES (c. 1250–1500 CE) – Easter Island, Chile
  • BUKHARA (c. 6th century CE–present) – Uzbekistan
  • HISTORIC CENTRE OF FLORENCE (c. 14th–16th century CE) – Italy
  • FORBIDDEN CITY (c. 1406 CE) – Beijing, China
  • LUANG PRABANG (c. 14th–19th century CE) – Laos
  • CITY OF VALLETTA (c. 1566 CE) – Malta
  • OLD HAVANA (c. 1519 CE) – Cuba
  • TAJ MAHAL (c. 1632 CE) – India
  • RED FORT (c. 1639 CE) – Delhi, India

  • PERSIAN CARPET WEAVING, Iran, Afghanistan, Turkey, Pakistan
  • IZNIK TILES, Turkey
  • MOROCCAN ZELLIGE, Morocco
  • CALLIGRAPHY, Arab World, Iran, Turkey, Pakistan, Indonesia
  • WOOD INLAY ART, Syria, Egypt, Morocco
  • TUGHRA, Ottoman Empire, Turkey
  • MINIATURE PAINTING, Persia, Mughal India, Ottoman Turkey
  • BATIK, Indonesia, Malaysia
  • HENNA BODY ART, North Africa, South Asia, Middle East
  • TIRAZ EMBROIDERY, Egypt, Levant, Yemen

  • SILK WEAVING (c. 3000 BCE), China, India, Thailand
  • TAPA CLOTH MAKING (c. 2000 BCE), Pacific Islands
  • FALCONRY TRADITION (c. 2000 BCE), United Arab Emirates
  • FRANKINCENSE RITUALS (c. 1000 BCE), Oman
  • IKAT WEAVING (c. 5th century BCE), Central Asia, Indonesia, Latin America
  • KHADI HANDSPUN FABRIC (c. 5th century BCE), India
  • PEARL DIVING TRADITIONS (c. 5th century BCE), Qatar
  • AL-SADU WEAVING (c. 3rd century CE), Saudi Arabia
  • MAYAN WEAVING AND TEXTILES (c. 1st century CE), Guatemala
  • TATREEZ (PALESTINIAN EMBROIDERY) (c. 1st century CE), Palestine
  • SAND DRAWING TRADITION (c. 1st millennium CE), Vanuatu
  • ARABIC CALLIGRAPHY (c. 7th century CE), Syria
  • TEA CEREMONY (SADŌ) (c. 9th century CE), Japan
  • WAYANG KULIT (SHADOW PUPPET THEATER) (c. 9th century CE), Indonesia
  • KAVA CEREMONY (c. 10th century CE), Fiji
  • NAVAJO TEXTILE WEAVING (c. 10th century CE), United States
  • WATER PUPPETRY (c. 11th century CE), Vietnam
  • KENTE WEAVING (c. 11th century CE), Ghana
  • ROGAN PAINTING (FABRIC ART) (c. 12th century CE), India
  • GRIOT STORYTELLING (WEST AFRICAN ORAL HISTORY KEEPERS) (c. 13th century CE), Mali
  • MAPUCHE SILVERWORK (c. 14th century CE), Chile
  • FANTASIA (TRADITIONAL HORSE-RIDING PERFORMANCE) (c. 15th century CE), Morocco
  • TRADITIONAL YEMENI COFFEE RITUAL (c. 15th century CE), Yemen
  • NAQSHI KANTHA EMBROIDERY (c. 15th century CE), Bangladesh
  • BOBBIN LACE MAKING (c. 16th century CE), Belgium, Spain
  • POLLERA TRADITIONAL DRESS (c. 16th century CE), Panama
  • HULI WIGMEN RITUALS (c. 16th century CE), Papua New Guinea
  • KUBA CLOTH WEAVING (c. 17th century CE), Democratic Republic of the Congo
  • MAASAI WARRIOR INITIATION (c. 17th century CE), Tanzania
  • PARRANDA DE SAN PEDRO (c. 18th century CE), Venezuela
  • BLACKWOOD CARVING (c. 18th century CE), Kenya

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ADAM
Adam , created from clay, was the first man. Adam and his wife, Hawaa, mark the beginning of humanity.
Did you know Adam was 60 CUBITS tall? The people of Jannah will also be this tall. One cubit is the length of the arm, from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger.
HABIL AND QABIL

[ABEL AND CAIN]

Habil and Qabil were the sons of Prophet Adam. Qabil's jealousy led him to murder Habil out of envy for Allah's acceptance of Habil's sacrifice, marking the first act of murder in human history.

[SETH]

The son of Prophet Adam and his successor to prophethood. He is recognised for his righteousness and role in preserving the teachings of his father.
GIFT OF ALLAH
Seth means ‘GIFT OF ALLAH’, a son that was given to Adam after Able was killed.

ENOS

The son of Prophet Seeth and the grandson of Prophet Adam . He continued the legacy of his forefathers, preaching monotheism and righteousness to his people,
LINEAGE LINK
Mahalalel is the son of Kenan and the father of Jared .

[ENOCH]

ADAM'S DEATH
Adam died 308 years after
the birth of Idris
NUH

[NOAH]

NUH +

[NOAH]

LESSON 1+

THE PEOPLE OF NUH

SECOND SUB-TITLE

The generation between Adam and Nuh adhered to the belief in the oneness of Allah following the Sharee’ah. However, over time, deviation from monotheism emerged and the spread of shirk accelerated. Influenced by shaytaan’s whispers and deception, shaytan began corrupting the people’s belief by encouraging them to visit the graves of righteous individuals, constructing statues in remembrance of them and, subsequently worshiping them alongside Allah.

LESSON 2+

NUH : A WARNER AND ADVISER

SECOND SUB-TITLE

Nuh , the first messenger sent to mankind has been commanded by Allah to call the people back to righteousness. Nuh , upon steadfastness and resilience, calls his people for 950 years employing various methods to his people to abandon shirk and return back to Tawheed.

Despite his sincere advice and warning, Nuh (AS) was faced with severe opposition from his people.

LESSON 3+

NUH'S DUA TO ALLAH

SECOND SUB-TITLE

As the situation with his people grew increasingly dire, Allah revealed to Prophet Nuh that none among his people who hadn’t believed now, would not be saved.

In response to this revelation, Nuh fervently supplicated to Allah, seeking his aid and assistance. Allah answered Nuh's supplication and granted his request, saving him and those who believed with him.

LESSON 4+

BUILDING OF THE ARK

SECOND SUB-TITLE

Upon granting Nuh's request, Allah ordered Nuh (AS) to construct an Ark and to embark upon it with those who believed and with each kind of animal, male and female.

While constructing the Ark, Nuh was met with mockery and ridicule from his people; however, he still remained steadfast carrying out the commands of Allah.

LESSON 5+

ALLAH’S PUNISHMENT UPON THE PEOPLE OF NUH

SECOND SUB-TITLE

Allah sent his divine punishment upon the people of Nuh (AS). In the face of the impending flood, the people of Nuh sought to flee for safety but as the floodwater gushed forth from the earth, and poured from the heavens, the rain engulfed the land and submerged everything in its path.

Allah’s decree was fulfilled and the disbelievers from the people of Nuh were destroyed. There were no survivors that day.

Despites Nuh's earnest efforts calling his people back to Tawheed, among those who were destroyed with the disbelievers were Nuh's wife and his son.

LESSON 6+

GENERATION AFTER THE PROPHET NUH

SECOND SUB-TITLE

After the flood subsided and Nuh and those who were on the Ark with him were saved, Allah caused the idols to be buried.

Nuh continues to advise and warn his people on being upon the obedience of Allah and to be weary of the trials of this world.

MESOPOTAMIA
The region located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers (modern-day Iraq, parts of Syria, and Turkey).
Mesopotamia, often called the "Cradle of Civilisation," saw the rise and fall of multiple powerful cultures over thousands of years, including Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians.

MESOPOTAMIA
The region located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers (modern-day Iraq, parts of Syria, and Turkey).
Mesopotamia, often called the "Cradle of Civilisation," saw the rise and fall of multiple powerful cultures over thousands of years, including Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians.

SUMERIAN CIVILISATION

c.3400 BCE – 1900 BCE

The earliest known civilization, famous for the invention of cuneiform writing, the first city-states (Ur, Uruk, Lagash), and monumental ziggurat temples.

AKKADIAN EMPIRE

c.2334 BCE – 2154 BCE

The world’s first empire, founded by Sargon of Akkad, uniting Mesopotamian city-states under one ruler and spreading the Akkadian language.

UR III PERIOD

c.2112 BCE – 2004 BCE

A Sumerian revival after the fall of Akkad, known for strong administration, legal reforms, and cultural advancements.

OLD BABYLONIAN PERIOD

c.1894 BCE – 1595 BCE

Marked by the rule of Hammurabi, who established one of the first known written law codes. Babylon became a major center of Mesopotamian culture.

ASSYRIAN EMPIRE

c.2025 BCE – 609 BCE

A militaristic power that expanded across the Near East, known for its advanced siege warfare, libraries, and the great cities of Nineveh and Ashur.

NEO-BABYLONIAN EMPIRE

c.626 BCE – 539 BCE

Babylon regained dominance under Nebuchadnezzar II, who built the legendary Hanging Gardens and conquered Jerusalem.

PERSIAN CONQUEST

539 BCE

The region fell to the Achaemenid Persian Empire under Cyrus the Great, marking the end of independent Mesopotamian civilisations.

Image Depiction: c.3500. The oldest wheel and axle mechanism was discovered in Mesopotamia. This early wheel was primarily used for pottery making and was part of a potter's wheel.

SUMERIAN CIVILISATION
c.3400 BCE – 1900 BCE
Southern Mesopotamia, Modern-day Iraq, Asia.
The first known civilization with city-states and cuneiform writing.

The Sumerian civilisation, the first known civilisation in Mesopotamia, developed city-states like Ur, Uruk, and Eridu. Invented cuneiform writing, established the first legal codes, built ziggurats, and advanced irrigation systems.

REGION

Southern Mesopotamia (modern Iraq).

Key Cities: Ur, Uruk, Kish, Lagash

Image Depiction: Cuneiform, one of the oldest writing forms, originated around 3000 BCE by the Sumerians. Written with a reed stylus on clay tablets, its name means 'wedge-shaped' due to the distinctive marks.

Image Depiction: Cuneiform, one of the oldest writing forms, originated around 3000 BCE by the Sumerians. Written with a reed stylus on clay tablets, its name means 'wedge-shaped' due to the distinctive marks.

ANCIENT EGYPT
c.3100 BCE – 332 BCE
Nile Valley, Modern-day Egypt and Sudan, Africa
One of the world's longest-lasting civilizations centered around the Nile River.

The Ancient Egyptian civilisation developed along the Nile River, united under pharaohs who were considered divine. Famous for monumental architecture including pyramids and temples, hieroglyphic writing, advanced mathematics, medicine, and religious beliefs centered around the afterlife. The civilization endured for nearly 3,000 years until Alexander the Great's conquest.

REGION

Nile River Valley (modern Egypt and northern Sudan).

Key Cities: Memphis, Thebes, Heliopolis, Abydos

Image Depiction: Hieroglyphic writing system used by ancient Egyptians, combining logographic, syllabic, and alphabetic elements. Used for religious texts, monuments, and administrative documents until the 5th century CE.

HUD

[HEBER]

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THE PEOPLE OF AD

THEIR LAND AND REPUTATION

The Ad tribe lived in Yemen in the desert in a region between Hadramout and Oman. They were renowned for their great physical stature and the grand buildings they constructed.

Despite their power, Ad were a disbelieving people; they were unjust and worshipped idols.

HUD

A MESSENGER FROM THEIR OWN TRIBE

Prophet Hud called them to reject idol worship and acknowledge Allah as the only true God. However, despite his efforts, the leaders of the tribe ridiculed him, accusing him of foolishness and dishonesty.

HUD'S APPEAL TO HIS PEOPLE

A CALL FOR MONOTHEISM

Prophet Hud urged his people to worship Allah alone, reminding them of the blessings they had received. He questioned their logic in worshipping idols crafted by their own hands and emphasised that Allah was the source of life and death, and the only one worthy of worship. He gave the clear message: return to monotheism and leave behind falsehood.

HUD EXPLAINS THE DAY OF JUDGEMENT

THE REALITY OF ACCOUNTABILITY

Prophet Hud warned the Ad of the Day of Judgement, when every soul would be resurrected and held accountable. The people of Ad mocked him, refusing to accept the idea of resurrection.

The people of Ad remained stubborn in their disbelief, mocking Prophet Hud’s message and rejecting the idea of a life after death. They viewed him as just another man like themselves, someone unworthy of divine authority. Despite their wealth and material success, they could not see beyond their arrogance and materialistic pursuits.

HUD WARNS HIS PEOPLE

A FINAL PLEA FOR REPENTANCE

Hud continued to warn his people of Allah’s impending punishment, urging them to seek forgiveness and repent. However, the people of Ad remained defiant, insisting that their wealth and towering structures would protect them. They refused to believe that Hud was a messenger and dismissed his warnings, daring him to bring the punishment he spoke of.

THE PUNISHMENT

DESTRUCTION OF THE PEOPLE OF AD TRIBE

Allah sent a severe drought and, later, a violent windstorm destroyed the Ad. The storm, which lasted eight days and seven nights, reducing everything to ruins. Only Prophet Hud and a few believers were saved, while the rest of the Ad were completely obliterated as a sign of Allah’s power and justice.

OLD KINGDOM OF EGYPT
c.2686 BCE – 2181 BCE
Nile Valley, Modern-day Egypt, Africa
The Pyramid Age of Ancient Egypt.

The Old Kingdom period of Ancient Egypt, often called the "Age of the Pyramids," saw the height of pyramid construction including the Great Pyramid of Giza. Society was highly centralized under powerful pharaohs who were considered divine. The period witnessed advances in art, architecture, and administration, with the development of a complex bureaucracy and writing system. The period ended with the collapse of centralized authority due to famine and political instability.

REGION

Lower and Middle Egypt along the Nile River.

Key Sites: Memphis (capital), Giza, Saqqara, Abusir

Image Depiction: c. 2560 BCE. The Great Pyramid of Giza, built during the 4th Dynasty under Pharaoh Khufu (c. 2560 BCE), is the largest of the 35 pyramids that was built for the Egyptian pharaohs. It was built with over two million blocks of stone, and each block of stone weighs almost three tons!

AKKADIAN EMPIRE
c.2334 BCE – 2154 BCE
Mesopotamia, Modern-day Iraq, Asia
The first known empire in world history.

The Akkadian Empire was established by Sargon of Akkad, who united the Akkadian and Sumerian regions of Mesopotamia. It is considered the world's first multi-national empire and introduced innovations in art, government, and military tactics. The empire controlled trade routes across Mesopotamia before eventually collapsing due to invasion, rebellion, and climate change.

REGION

Northern and Southern Mesopotamia (modern Iraq and parts of Syria and Iran).

Key Cities: Akkad, Kish, Nippur, Ur

Image Depiction: Victory Stele of Naram-Sin, grandson of Sargon of Akkad, showing the king triumphant over his enemies. This propaganda piece exemplifies Akkadian art and the divine status claimed by Akkadian rulers.

NORTE CHICO CIVILIZATION
c.3000 BCE – 1800 BCE
North-central coastal Peru, South America
One of the oldest civilizations in the Americas.

The Norte Chico civilisation (also known as Caral-Supe) is notable for being one of the earliest known civilizations in the Americas. Developed without ceramics or visual art typically found in other ancient cultures, they built complex monumental architecture including large platform mounds and sunken circular plazas. Their economy was based on fishing and agriculture, with evidence of trade networks across different ecological zones.

REGION

North-central coastal Peru, near the Supe, Pativilca, and Fortaleza valleys.

Key Sites: Caral, Aspero, Huaricanga, Bandurria

Image Depiction: The pyramid complexes of Caral, showing sophisticated architectural planning. Despite lacking pottery and visual art, Norte Chico built imposing public structures including pyramids, plazas, and amphitheaters.

MINOAN CIVILIZATION
c.2700 BCE – 1100 BCE
Crete, Modern-day Greece, Europe
Europe's first advanced civilization with palatial centers and extensive maritime trade.

The Minoan civilisation flourished on the island of Crete, developing sophisticated urban centers with elaborate palaces, advanced plumbing systems, and vibrant art. Named after the mythical King Minos by archaeologist Arthur Evans, the Minoans were a maritime power with extensive trade networks throughout the eastern Mediterranean. Their society featured complex religious rituals, possibly including bull-leaping ceremonies. The civilization declined following the eruption of Thera (Santorini) and the rise of the Mycenaeans.

REGION

Island of Crete in the eastern Mediterranean.

Key Sites: Knossos, Phaistos, Malia, Zakros

Image Depiction: The famous "Bull-Leaping Fresco" from the Palace of Knossos, showing the acrobatic ritual that may have played an important role in Minoan religious or cultural practices. Minoan art is characterized by its naturalistic style and depictions of nature and daily life.

INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
c. 2500-1900 BCE
Indus Valley, Modern-day Pakistan and northwest India, Asia.
The Indus civilisation is known for its advanced urban planning, including sophisticated drainage and water supply systems. The cities were built around huge circular mounds, citadels. Around these citadels, they had comfortable houses made from mud bricks, courtyards, wells, drains, toilets and baths.

Image Depiction: An ancient statue found in 1927 during an excavation in the Indus Valley. The statue is 17.5 cm high and carved from steatite.

ASSYRIAN EMPIRE
c.2025 BCE – 609 BCE
Northern Mesopotamia, Modern-day Iraq, Syria, Turkey, Asia
A military power known for innovation in warfare and administration.

The Assyrian Empire rose from the city-state of Assur to become a dominant military and political force across the ancient Near East. Known for their military prowess, the Assyrians developed innovative siege warfare technologies and maintained a professional standing army. At its height during the Neo-Assyrian period (911-609 BCE), the empire stretched from Egypt to Iran. The Assyrians built magnificent palaces decorated with relief sculptures, created extensive libraries like that of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh, and established efficient administrative systems to govern their vast territories.

REGION

Northern Mesopotamia, extending to parts of modern Iraq, Syria, Turkey, and briefly Egypt.

Key Cities: Assur, Nineveh, Nimrud, Khorsabad

Image Depiction: Assyrian palace relief sculpture depicting a lion hunt, showcasing the empire's artistic achievements and royal imagery. These detailed limestone reliefs adorned palaces and documented military campaigns, religious ceremonies, and royal activities.

MIDDLE KINGDOM OF EGYPT
c.2055 BCE – 1650 BCE
Nile Valley, Modern-day Egypt, Africa
A period of reunification and cultural flourishing after the First Intermediate Period.

The Middle Kingdom period of Ancient Egypt began with the reunification of Egypt under Mentuhotep II and saw a renaissance in art, literature, and architecture. The period is known for its realistic portraiture, literary masterpieces like "The Tale of Sinuhe," and expanded trade networks. The pharaohs of this period engaged in major building projects and land reclamation in the Fayum region. The Middle Kingdom represented a more decentralized government than the Old Kingdom, with increased power for provincial governors (nomarchs).

REGION

Nile Valley from the Delta to Nubia.

Key Sites: Thebes (capital), Fayum, Abydos, El-Lisht

Image Depiction: Middle Kingdom portrait statue showing the realistic style that characterized this period's art. Unlike the idealized depictions of the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom art often portrayed rulers with more naturalistic features, including signs of age and concern.

SALIH

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THE PEOPLE OF THAMUD

WEALTH AND POWER

After the people of Ad were destroyed, the tribe of Thamud rose to power and wealth. However, as they grew richer, they also became more corrupt. They built impressive buildings and carved homes from the hills, but their moral values declined, and evil rulers took control of the land.

SALIH

A PROPHET WHO CALLED FOR CHANGE

Allah sent Prophet Salih to guide the people of Thamud. Salih was respected for his wisdom and goodness. He urged his people to worship Allah alone and abandon their idols. While a few believed him, most people refused to listen and made fun of him. They were confused by his message and didn't want to leave the gods their ancestors had worshipped.

THE MIRACLE OF THE SHE-CAMEL

A SIGN FROM ALLAH

The people of Thamud asked Salih for a miracle to prove he was a prophet. In response, Allah made a huge, unique she-camel appear from a rock, just as they had demanded. This was a clear sign from Allah, and some people believed after seeing it. However, many continued to reject Salih and became to resent the camel, even though it provided them with milk and was a blessing.

THE KILLING OF THE SHE-CAMEL

A DANGEROUS REBELLION

Salih warned them not to harm the she-camel, however, the people of Thamud secretly plotted to kill it.

Influenced by their leaders and tempted by rewards, several men killed the camel. They celebrated their act and mocked Salih. Prophet Sailh warned them that Allah’s punishment would come in three days if they didn’t repent, but they ignored his warning.

THE DESTRUCTION OF THAMUD

THE CONSEQUENCE OF DISOBEDIENCE

Three days after the camel was killed, Allah sent a punishment of a Blast from the sky and a violent earthquake. The entire tribe of Thamud was destroyed, except for those who had believed and left.

NUBIAN/KUSHITE CIVILIZATION
c. 2000 BCE – 350 CE
Sudan, Southern Egypt, South America
A powerful civilization that interacted with and sometimes ruled Egypt.

The Nubian/Kushite Civilisation flourished in the region of present-day Sudan and southern Egypt. Known for their powerful kingdoms, they interacted and sometimes rivaled Ancient Egypt. They developed unique pyramids, writing systems, and a rich culture influenced by both African and Egyptian traditions.

REGION

Sudan, Southern Egypt.

Key Sites: Kerma, Napata, Meroë

Image Depiction: Nubian pyramids, smaller and steeper than Egyptian pyramids, showcasing their unique architectural style and royal burial practices.

BABYLONIAN EMPIRE
c. 1894 BCE – 539 BCE
Mesopotamia, Modern-day Iraq, Asia
Known for Hammurabi's Code and advancements in mathematics and astronomy.

The Babylonian Empire, centered in Mesopotamia, is famous for its legal code, the Code of Hammurabi, one of the earliest and most complete written legal codes. Babylonians made significant contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and literature, including the Epic of Gilgamesh. The empire experienced periods of growth and decline, with notable rulers like Hammurabi and Nebuchadnezzar II.

REGION

Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq).

Key Cities: Babylon, Nippur, Uruk

Image depiction: c. 1754 BCE The Code of Hammurabi, a basalt stele 2.25 metres high, was discovered in 1901 in Iran, where it had been brought as a war trophy.

[ABRAHAM]

Prophet Ibrahim challenged the prevalent polytheistic beliefs of his society and endured numerous trials and tests throughout his life, including facing persecution from his own family and community, being thrown into a fire, and being commanded to sacrifice his son.
LUT

[LOT]

Prophet Lut was sent to guide the people of Sodom and Gomorrah. He warned them of divine punishment for their transgressions, ultimately witnessing their destruction as a consequence of their refusal to repent.

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THE PEOPLE OF AD

THEIR LAND AND REPUTATION

The Ad tribe lived in Yemen in the desert in a region between Hadramout and Oman. They were renowned for their great physical stature and the grand buildings they constructed.

Despite their power, Ad were a disbelieving people; they were unjust and worshipped idols.

HUD

A MESSENGER FROM THEIR OWN TRIBE

Prophet Hud called them to reject idol worship and acknowledge Allah as the only true God. However, despite his efforts, the leaders of the tribe ridiculed him, accusing him of foolishness and dishonesty.

HUD'S APPEAL TO HIS PEOPLE

A CALL FOR MONOTHEISM

Prophet Hud urged his people to worship Allah alone, reminding them of the blessings they had received. He questioned their logic in worshipping idols crafted by their own hands and emphasised that Allah was the source of life and death, and the only one worthy of worship. He gave the clear message: return to monotheism and leave behind falsehood.

HUD EXPLAINS THE DAY OF JUDGEMENT

THE REALITY OF ACCOUNTABILITY

Prophet Hud warned the Ad of the Day of Judgement, when every soul would be resurrected and held accountable. The people of Ad mocked him, refusing to accept the idea of resurrection.

The people of Ad remained stubborn in their disbelief, mocking Prophet Hud’s message and rejecting the idea of a life after death. They viewed him as just another man like themselves, someone unworthy of divine authority. Despite their wealth and material success, they could not see beyond their arrogance and materialistic pursuits.

HUD WARNS HIS PEOPLE

A FINAL PLEA FOR REPENTANCE

Hud continued to warn his people of Allah’s impending punishment, urging them to seek forgiveness and repent. However, the people of Ad remained defiant, insisting that their wealth and towering structures would protect them. They refused to believe that Hud was a messenger and dismissed his warnings, daring him to bring the punishment he spoke of.

THE PUNISHMENT

DESTRUCTION OF THE PEOPLE OF AD TRIBE

Allah sent a severe drought and, later, a violent windstorm destroyed the Ad. The storm, which lasted eight days and seven nights, reducing everything to ruins. Only Prophet Hud and a few believers were saved, while the rest of the Ad were completely obliterated as a sign of Allah’s power and justice.

ISMAIL

[ISHMAEL]

Prophet Ismail is the son of Prophet Ibrahim and Hagar. Isma'il built the Kaaba with his father, in Mecca, as a sanctuary for monotheistic worship.

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THE BIRTH OF PROPHET ISMAIL

HAJAR AND ISMAIL LEFT IN THE DESERT

Prophet Ibrahim and his wife, Sarah, longed for a child for many years. Out of her devotion, Sarah proposed that Ibrahim marry her handmaid, Hajar. Soon, Hajar gave birth to Ismail .

Prophet Ibrahim was commanded by Allah to take Hajar and the infant Ismail to a barren valley in the Arabian Peninsula. After providing them with a small supply of dates and water, Ibrahim left, as commanded. Hajar, realising this was Allah's will, trusted that He would not neglect them.

HAJAR'S SEARCH FOR WATER

THE MIRACLE OF ZAMZAM

With their provisions depleted, Hajar desperately sought help, running between the hills of Safa and Marwa seven times in search of water. In response to her prayers, Allah caused water to flow from the ground—this became the well of Zamzam. This miracle provided relief for Hajar and , and they settled by the well.

THE TRIBE OF JURHUM

NEW PEOPLE SETTLE INTO THE VALLEY

The tribe of Jurhum, seeing birds flying around water in the valley, discovered Hajar and Ishmail by the Zamzam well. They asked Hajar for permission to settle near the water, and she agreed. Ishmail grew up among them, learning Arabic and becoming well-loved for his character. Eventually, he married one of the women from the tribe.

THE SACRIFICE

ISMAIL’S SHOW OF FAITH

Years later, when Ismail reached maturity, Prophet Ibrahim was tested by Allah through a dream in which he was commanded to sacrifice his son. Upon sharing this with Ismail, Ismail accepted his fate.

However, as Ibrahim prepared to carry out the sacrifice, Allah intervened, replacing Ismail with a ram, rewarding them both for their unwavering submission.

BUILDING THE KABA

A TASK ENTRUSTED TO PROPHET IBRAHIM AND ISMAIL

Later, Ibrahim returned to Mecca, where Ismail helped his father in building the Kaba.

PROPHET IBRAHIM'S VISITS TO ISMAIL'S FAMILY

ISMAIL TAKES GUIDANCE FROM PROPHET IBRAHIM

After the passing of Hajar, Prophet Ibrahim visited Ismail’s family twice. During Prophet Ibrahim’s first visit, he found Ismail’s wife lamenting their hardships. On Ibrahim's advice , Ismail divorced his first wife and married Sayyidah bint Mudad.

On Prophet Ibrahim’s second visit, Ismail’s new wife praised their life and Ibrahim encouraged Ismail to keep her.

ISMAIL’S LEGACY

THE PROGENY OF PROPHET ISMAIL

Prophet Ismail was known for speaking eloquent Arabic, influenced by the Arab tribes around him. He was a messenger to his people and those in the surrounding areas, and the people of Yemen.

Prophet Ismail had twelve sons, including Nabit and Qeedhar, whom all of the Arabs in Hijaz trace their lineage to.

Upon his death at the age of 137, he was buried near his mother in the compound of al-Hijr.

ISHAQ

[ISAC]

Prophet Ishaq , the son of Prophet Ibrahim and Sarah, continued his father's legacy of prophethood.

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THE GLAD TIDINGS OF ISHAQ

ANGELS BRING NEWS OF A NEW PROPHET

Allah informed Ibrahim through angels that he would have a son named Ishaq. These angels were on their way to punish the people of Lot due to their wrongdoing. When the angels visited Ibrahim , he initially treated them as guests, offering them a roasted calf. However, when they did not eat, he became afraid. The angels reassured him, saying they were sent to bring him glad tidings and that his wife, Sarah, would bear a son despite her old age. This news astonished Sarah, who expressed disbelief at having a child when she and Ibrahim were so old.

THE BIRTH OF ISHAQ

IBRAHIM AND SARAH'S BLESSING IN OLD AGE

Ibrahim was 100 years old and Sarah was 90 when Ishaq was born, fourteen years after the birth of Ishmael. Allah praised Ishaq as a prophet and righteous individual, and from him and his descendants, many righteous people would arise.

THE LIFE OF ISHAQ

HIS FAMILY AND DEATH

Ishaq married Rifqa and they had twin sons, Al-Eis (Esau) and Yaqub (Jacob). Al-Eis was envious of Ya‘qoob . When threats became severe, Ya‘qoob left their homeland but eventually returned to visit his father, Ishaq .

Ishaq lived to be 180 years old, and upon his death, his sons buried him next to his father, Ibrahim .

[JACOB]

Prophet Yaqoub persevered through familial trials, including the loss of his son Yusuf , ultimately reuniting with him and exemplifying patience and trust in Allah.

[JOSEPH]

Prophet Yusuf was gifted with interpretation of dreams. He endured betrayal and imprisonment before rising to power in Egypt.

MYCENAEAN CIVILIZATION
c. 1600 BCE – 1100 BCE
Greece, Asia
The first advanced civilization in mainland Greece, featured in Homer's epics.

HITTITE EMPIRE
c. 1600 BCE – 1178 BCE
Anatolia (Turkey), South America
Known for their advanced ironworking and chariot warfare.

The Hittite Empire, based in Anatolia (modern-day Turkey), was a major power in the Late Bronze Age. They are known for their advanced ironworking technology, which gave them a military advantage, and their use of chariots in warfare. The Hittites also developed a sophisticated legal system and diplomatic practices.

REGION

Anatolia (modern-day Turkey).

Key Sites: Hattusa, Kanesh

Image Depiction: A Hittite chariot, demonstrating their military technology and prowess in warfare.

CHAVÍN CIVILIZATION
c. 900 BCE – 200 BCE
Peru, South America
An early Andean civilization known for its religious influence and art.

The Chavín Civilisation, located in the Andean highlands of Peru, was an early and influential pre-Columbian culture. They are known for their distinctive art style, which featured stylized depictions of jaguars, snakes, and other animals, and their religious center at Chavín de Huántar. The Chavín culture influenced later Andean civilizations.

REGION

Andean highlands of Peru.

Key Sites: Chavín de Huántar

Image Depiction: The Lanzón monolith at Chavín de Huántar, a key example of Chavín art, depicting a powerful deity.

CARTHAGINIAN EMPIRE
c. 814 BCE – 146 BCE
North Africa (Tunisia, Algeria), Asia
A major maritime power in the Mediterranean, rival to Rome.

SHUAIB

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MADYAN

A SOCIETY OF CORRUPTION AND IDOLATRY

The people of Madyan were an Arab tribe residing in a city near Syria and the Dead Sea. They engaged in highway robbery, idol worship, and were particularly dishonest in trade, often measuring in excess when buying and in deficiency when selling. Their primary deity was al-Aikah, a tree.

SHUAIB’S CALL

MONOTHEISM AND HONESTY

To guide the people of Madyan away from their corrupt practices, Allah sent Prophet Shuaib . He called upon his people to worship Allah alone and renounce their immoral behaviours. Shuaib called them to give fair measurements and weights in trade.

MADYAN’S RESISTANCE TO CHANGE

MOCKERY OF THE PROPHET

Prophet Shu’aib emphasised the value of halal (permissible) earnings, stating that they are blessed, even if they are small, while haram (forbidden) earnings are worthless, even in abundance. Shu’aib cautioned them about the fate of earlier disbelieving nations, such as the people of Nuh , Hud , Saleh , and Lut . Prophet Shuaib urged his people to seek forgiveness and reform their ways. However, the people mocked him, and accused him of being weak.

THE PUNISHMENT

DESTRUCTION OF THE PEOPLE OF MADYAN

Despite Prophet Shuaib's persistent warnings and pleas, most of them remained defiant and continued in their disobedience. As a result, Allah inflicted multiple forms of punishment on them. They experienced intense heat. When they sought relief under a cloud, thinking it would bring rain, the cloud instead rained down ashes and cinder. They were also hit by a powerful earthquake and a thunderous blast, which caused their immediate destruction.

[MOSES]

Prophet Musa freed the Israelites from Pharaoh's oppression. He received the divine revelation of the Torah.

[AARON]

Prophet Harun Add info
BRONZE AGE COLLAPSE

c. 1200 BCE

Eastern Mediterranean and Near East.
A period of widespread societal collapse across the Mediterranean and Near East, resulting in the fall of major empires like the Mycenaeans, Hittites, and the decline of the Egyptian New Kingdom.
PHOENICIAN ALPHABET

c. 1050 BCE

Phoenicia, Modern-day Lebanon, Asia.
The Phoenicians developed an alphabet that became the basis for Greek and Latin scripts, significantly impacting the development of written language.
ASSYRIAN EMPIRE

c. 900-612 BCE

Mesopotamia, Modern-day Iraq, Asia.
Known for their military innovations and extensive library collections, the Assyrians controlled a vast empire stretching from Mesopotamia to Egypt.

[DAVID]

Prophet Dawud was a skilled warrior and just ruler who defeated Goliath and established a prosperous kingdom. He was given the Zabur (The Psalms).

[SOLOMAN]

Prophet Sulaiman ruled over a vast kingdom. He had the ability to communicate with animals and jinn.
Prophet Illyas Add info.

[JOB]

Prophet Ayoub endured severe afflictions and illness, before being restored to health and prosperity.

[JONAH]

Prophet Yunus was sent to the people of Nineveh to call them to repentance. He went on to fulfill his mission after being swallowed by a whale.
FOUNDING OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC

509 BCE

Rome, Italy, Europe.
Rome transitioned from monarchy to a republic, laying the groundwork for a system of governance with elected officials and a complex constitution.
GRECO-PERSIAN WARS

499-449 BCE

Greece and Persia, Modern-day Greece, Turkey, and Iran, Europe and Asia.
A series of conflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, highlighted by battles such as Marathon, Thermopylae, and Salamis, ending with Greek victories that ensured the survival and expansion of Greek culture.
BUDDHA

c. 500 BCE

Bodh Gaya, Modern-day India, Asia.
Siddhartha Gautama, later known as the Buddha, founder of Buddhism

[EZRA]

PELOPONNESIAN WAR

431-404 BCE

Greece, Europe.
A protracted conflict between Athens and Sparta, which reshaped the ancient Greek world.
CONQUESTS OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT

334-323 BCE

Macedonia, Greece, Egypt, Persia, Modern-day Greece, Egypt, Turkey, and Iran, Europe, and Asia.
Alexander the Great expanded his empire from Greece to Egypt and into northwest India, spreading Hellenistic culture.
FORMATION OF THE MAURYA EMPIRE

c. 322 BCE

India, Asia.
Chandragupta Maurya established the Maurya Empire, which became one of the largest empires in ancient India, promoting trade, agriculture, and a centralised administration.
FIRST PUNIC WAR

264-241 BCE

Carthage and Rome, Modern-day Tunisia and Italy, Africa, and Europe.
A major conflict between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian Empire, resulting in Roman control of Sicily and demonstrating the growing power of Rome.
GREAT WALL OF CHINA

221-206 BCE

China, Asia.
Initiated by the Qin Dynasty to protect against invasions, it remains a symbol of China's enduring strength.
HAN DYNASTY

206 BCE-220 CE

China, Asia.
The Han Dynasty established a long-lasting rule, contributing to the Silk Road trade, Confucianism, and significant cultural and technological advancements.
Prophet Zachariah was blessed with the birth of Prophet Yahya despite his old age.

[JOHN]

Prophet Yahya prepared the way for the coming of Prophet Isa .

[JESUS]

Prophet Esa had a miraculous birth. He was gifted with healing abilities and preached monotheism.
put info here
ASSASSINATION OF JULIUS CAESAR

44 BCE

Rome, Italy, Europe.
Julius Caesar's assassination marked the end of the Roman Republic and led to the rise of the Roman Empire under Augustus.
FALL OF THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE

476 CE

Western Roman Empire, Modern-day Italy, Europe.
Marking the end of ancient Rome and the beginning of the Middle Ages in Europe.
MUHAMMAD ﷺ

(570-632 CE/ 53 BH-11 AH)

Prophet Muhammad ﷺ was the final messenger sent by Allah. Prophet Muhammad ﷺ conveyed the message of Islam and was given the Quran as the final revelation.

THE NOBLE ANCESTRY OF PROPHET MUHAMMAD

TRACING THE HONOURABLE LINEAGE OF THE LAST MESSENGER

Prophet Muhammad ﷺ was from the noble tribe of Quraysh a highly influential Arabian lineage. Prophet Muhammad's lineage is connected to Prophet Ibrahim , through his son Prophet Ishmael .

THE BIRTH OF THE SEAL OF PROPHETS

SIGNS WHICH HERALDED A PROPHET

Muhammad ﷺ was born in Makkah on the 9th of the month of Rabi Al-Awwal. Muhammad’s ﷺ father, Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib, passed away before the birth of his son leaving very little wealth.

It was the general custom of the Arabs living in towns to send their children away to bedouin wet-nurses in order to grow up in a healthy surrounding and acquire the purer speech and manners of the bedouins.

Muhammad ﷺ was nursed by Haleemah bint Abi Dhuaib. Haleemah and her whole family were favoured with good fortune whilst Muhammad ﷺwas under their care. Their previously barren land sprouted with grass, and their livestock were full of milk.

AS A YOUNG CHILD

LOSS OF A BELOVED MOTHER AND GRANDFATHER

When Muhammad ﷺ was six, his mother tragically fell ill and died whilst on a journey back from Yathrib (Medina). Muhammad’s ﷺ grandfather, Abdul Muttalib took guardianship over him. He was dearly loved by his grandfather, who always kept him by his side. Two years later Muhammad’s ﷺ Grandfather became ill and passed away. Muhammad ﷺ sas then taken care of by his paternal uncle, Abu Talib.

A NOBLE YOUTH

LOVED AND PROTECTED BY AN UNCLE

Abu Talib took care of Muhammad ﷺ in the best way, putting him with his family and children. During the remaining 40 years, Abu Talib extended Muhammad ﷺ all possible protection and support.

When Muhammad ﷺ was twelve years old, he accompanied his uncle on a trade journey to Syria. On the journey, they met a monk called Bahira, who recognised the signs of prophethood on Muhammad ﷺ.

AN IDEAL OF MANHOOD

MARRIAGE AND FAMILY: THE YEARS BEFORE PROPHETHOOD

By the time Muhammad ﷺ was 25 years old, he had a reputation for honesty. He was hired by Kadijah bint Kawailid, a wealthy businesswomen, to take her goods to trade in Syria. Khadija was extremely impressed with how he conducted business, the reports of his honesty and good manners, and expressed her wish to marry him.

Muhammad ﷺ and Kadijah had a happy marriage. Khadija bore all of his children, except Ibrahim: Al-Qasim, Zainab, Ruqaiyah, Umm Kultum, Fatimah and Abdullah. All of his sons died in childhood and all of his daughters died in his lifetime, except Fatimah who passed away 6 months after his death.

THE NIGHT OF DESTINY

THE QURAN - THE EVERLASTING MIRACLE

When Muhammad ﷺ was nearly 40 years old, he began to spend increasing amounts of time in solitude in the hills and ravines in the neighbourhood of Makkah, devoting himself to worship and meditation.

When Muhammad ﷺ was 40 years old, he began to experience true visions for 6 months. During the month of Ramadan, that year, angel Jibreel appeared before Muhammad in human form, and the first verses of the Quran were revealed. This experience left Prophet Muhammad ﷺ surprised and confused. Terrified, he rushed back to his wife, Khadijah, who took him to her Christian cousin, Waraqa. Waraqah told him that the revelation he had was from the same source as the previous prophets, Prophets Musa and Isa.

The revelation of the Quran continued throughout the life of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ.

THE CALL

A GROUP OF BELIEVERS EMERGE: THE BEGINNINGS OF ISLAM IN MECCA

The Prophet ﷺ started the call to Islam with his immediate family, then moved on to people who were closely associated with him, and whoever he thought would respond to the call.

The Prophet's ﷺ wife, Khadijah, was the first person to enter Islam, followed by his freed slave, Zaid bin Harithah, his cousin, Ali bin Abi Talib, and his close friend, Abu Bakr.

RESISTANCE AND CRUELTY

OPEN CALL TO ISLAM LEADING TO ORGANISED OPPOSITION AND PERSECUTION AGAINST THE BELIEVERS

For three years the Prophet ﷺ called to Islam in private. However, revelation demanded that the Prophet ﷺ call his tribe and near kindred to Islam, which he proceeded to do from his fourth year of Prophethood to almost the tenth year.

During this time, the Quraish openly opposed and attempted to discredit the Prophet ﷺ and the Call by resorting to calling the Prophet ﷺ a soothsayer, poet, possessed, insane, and a liar.

This opposition by the Quraish eventually escalated to the nobles of the Quraish deciding to use torturous means to try to abate the rise of Islam. Despite the Prophet ﷺ having the support of his extremely powerful uncle, Abu Talib, the Prophet ﷺ was still targeted.

Those with no strong clans to support them, endured severe forms of torture like starvation, being beaten, left out in the heat of the scorching sun, and being tied up and dragged through the streets.

THE FIRST MIGRATION

A CHRISTIAN KING HELPS OUT

In the fifth year of Prophethood, the Prophet ﷺ allowed a group of Muslims to seek asylum in Abyssinia.

Initially 16 Muslim men and women, and later 83 men and women, left Makkah and sought shelter in Abyssinia (Ethiopia) with the Christian ruler King Negus.

The Quraish sent two of their people after the Muslims to persuade King Negus to send the Muslims back to Makkah, however King Negus, refused until he heard what the Muslims had to say. After hearing the Muslims recite some Quran and explain the teachings of the Prophet, King Negus declared that it seemed to him that what the Muslims told him and the message of Jesus were from the same source. He declared that they were free to live and worship in his land as they wished.

SANCTIONS AND SUFFERING

PERSECUTION IN MAKKAH CONTINUES

Back in Makkah, the Quraish made a pact with each other against the tribes of Banu Hasim and Banu Al-Muttalib. This pact involved a social and economic boycott so that they would not have any business dealings, marriages, social relations, visits and even verbal contact with the Prophet ﷺ and his supporters until they handed the Prophet ﷺ over to them to be killed.

Banu Hasim and Banu Al-Muttalib retreated to a valley on the eastern outskirts of Makkah and were confined within a narrow pass from the seventh year of Prophethood to the tenth year.

The people in Makkah would buy any food imported into Makkah to keep it away from the Muslims, so little food was available to them except what a few compassionate Makkan’s were able to smuggle to them.

The three year siege caused much suffering and hardship, yet despite this, the Prophet ﷺ, continued to go to the Kabah, pray publicly, and preach to outsiders who visited Makkah.

THE YEAR OF SORROW

LOSS OF A BELOVED WIFE AND LOSS OF A GUARDIAN AND PROTECTOR

In the tenth year of Prophethood, the Mother of the believers, the Prophet’s ﷺ wife and greatest help, passed away. During this year, Abu Talib, the Prophet’s ﷺ loving uncle and guardian, fell ill and passed away.

The death of Abu Talib made the Prophet ﷺ vulnerable and the Makkans increased their campaign of torture and oppression.

Seeking support in neighbouring areas, the Prophet ﷺ went to Ta’if to spread his message and seek help. There, the people of Ta’if jeered and drove him out of the city, pelting him with stones.

A DIVINE ENCOUNTER

ASCENSION AND NIGHT JOURNEY: THE MIRACULOUS JOURNEY OF ISRA AND MIRAJ

At this low period, the Prophet ﷺ had an extraordinary experience. One night, as the Prophet ﷺ slept next to the Kabah, Angel Jibreel woke him and was carried in body by a winged horse named Al-Buraq, to Al-Aqsa mosque, in Jerusalem. This journey is referred to as Al-Isra, the Night Journey. There the Prophet ﷺ met other Prophets and led them in prayer.

After that, Jibreel took the Prophet ﷺ to the heavens on the same horse. This journey is referred to as Al-Miraj, the Ascension. The Prophet ﷺ saw angels and met with some of the Prophets on his way to beyond the seventh heaven. Beyond the seventh heaven, the Prophet ﷺ until the Prophet ﷺ was presented to Allah. It was during this experience that Allah’s commandment on the prayer was revealed to the Prophet ﷺ.

This Night Journey and Ascension, was a turning point for the Prophet. After years of persecution, and the loss of both Khadija and Abu Talib, this experience gave the Prophet ﷺ great comfort and the strength to go on.

THE MESSAGE SPREADS

THE PLEDGES OF AQABAH

During the pilgrimage seasons the Prophet ﷺ would meet with the pilgrims and explain the message of Islam.it was during one of these meetings, 6 from the Khazraj tribe from Yathrib (Madina) accepted Islam and made the promise to spread this message on their return home.

The following year, 11 people from Yathrib, which included 5 of those from the previous year, made a pledge in Aqabah to the Prophet ﷺ known as the First Pledge of Aqabah. The Prophet ﷺ sent Musab bin Umair Al-Abdari to teach the people there the principles of Islam. Islam spread rapidly in Yathrib.

The following year, 73 people from Madina came to Aqabah and made a pledge to the Prophet ﷺ known as the Second Pledge of Aqabah.

MIGRATION

THE DANGEROUS AND DIFFICULT JOURNEY TO YATHRIB

The Prophet ﷺ gave the command for his companions to emigrate to Medina. The Makkans tried to prevent anyone from migrating, so the Muslims of Makkah made their way there in secret, leaving individually and in groups.

A group from the Quraish, desperate to stop the spread of Islam, hatched a plot to murder the Prophet ﷺ. In the meantime the Prophet ﷺ received permission to migrate to Yathrib.

The Prophet ﷺ and Abu Bakr left Makkah during the night. When the Quraish found out, they offered a large reward for the capture of the Prophet ﷺ, and sent out search parties to seek him out.

The journey to Yathrib was long and dangerous as the Prophet ﷺ and Abu Bakr took winding routes. Finally, the Prophet ﷺ arrived in Quba, where he spent a few days. During this time, the foundation of Quba mosque was laid. Thus the first mosque built in this era of Islam was laid.

The people of Yathrib were eager to receive the Prophet ﷺ and looked towards the horizon daily, looking for a sign of his arrival.

It was on a Friday morning, 12 years after the beginning of the revelation of the Quran, the Prophet ﷺ rode into Yathrib and was received with joy. Yathrib, would now be known as Madinah (which is a shortening of Madinatu Nabi, The City of the Prophet).

A NEW BEGINNING, A NEW SOCIETY

WITH THE PROPHET IN MEDINA

The first task the Prophet ﷺ attended to was the construction of a mosque. Nearby, rooms reserved for the Prophet’s ﷺ household were built, and to the north of the mosque was space for those who had no home nor family.

The Prophet ﷺ then concentrated on strengthening the bonds amongst the Muslims of Medina; between the Emigrants (Al-Muhajirun) and those from Medina, the Helpers (Al-Ansar), and also between the tribal factions that existed in Quraish, and the Madini tribes of Aws and Khazraj. The Prophet ﷺ also began to establish regular relations with non-Mulims.

MILITARY ACTIVITIES:EXPEDITIONS AND BATTLES

DEFENDING THE FREEDOM OF RELIGION

The Quraish of Makkah resented the escape of the Prophet ﷺ and jealous of Islam’s growing strength. The Quriash were still determined to kill the Prophet ﷺ. They began to visit Medina in secret and propagate falsehoods against the Prophet ﷺ and Islam.

Allah gave the Muslims permission to defend the religion, thus the permission to fight in defence and retaliation was given.

The most notable of these battles:

The Battle of Badr. In the second year of Hijra, 14 years after the revelation of the Quran, a battle took place between the Muslims and the Quraish.

Previously, a caravan belonging to the Quraish escaped a military encounter with the Prophet ﷺ and his men. On the return of this caravan the Prophet ﷺ and around 300 men, two horses and 70 camels rode out towards Badr to intercept the caravan.

Leading the caravan, Abu Sufyan, sent a message asking for help from the Quraish with an immediate response.

On the 17th Ramadan, 300 of the Muslim army faced 1000 of the army of the Quraish. Despite being outnumbered, the battle ended as a decisive victory for the Muslims. The Quraish sustained heavy casualties and fled from the battlefield. At the end of the battle, 70 of the Quraysh had been killed and around 73-74 were taken prisoners of war. 14 from the Muslim army were killed.

The Battle of Uhud. This battle took place after the Quraysh sought revenge for their defeat at the Battle of Badr. Determined to crush the Muslims, the Quraysh assembled an army of 3,000 men from Mecca and marched toward Uhud.

In response, the Prophet ﷺ set out with an army of 1,000 Muslims. However, partway to the battlefield, 'Abdullah ibn Ubayy ibn Salool betrayed the Muslims, withdrawing with 300 of his followers, leaving the Muslim forces reduced to just 700 men.

Despite their reduced numbers, the Prophet ﷺ led the remaining troops to Uhud, where they confronted the Quraysh army. As the battle began, the Muslims initially gained the upper hand, forcing the Quraysh to retreat. However, a group of Muslim archers, who had been stationed to guard the rear, became distracted by the spoils in the enemy camp. Eager to claim their share, they abandoned their posts.

Seeing this opportunity, Khalid bin Walid, the commander of the Makkan cavalry, launched a surprise attack from behind. The retreating Quraysh soldiers regrouped and returned to the battlefield, trapping the Muslims in a fierce battle. Amidst the intense fighting, the Prophet ﷺ and his followers managed to retreat to the safety of Mount Uhud.

In the end, 22 of the Quraysh were killed, while the Muslims suffered 70 casualties. Despite the losses, the Muslims successfully thwarted the Quraysh's primary objective: to kill the Prophet ﷺ and extinguish the message of Islam.

Battle of the Trench. The Battle of the Trench, also known as the Battle of Khandaq (Trench) or the Battle of Ahzab (Confederates), was a 30-day siege of Medina. This battle was fought between the Muslims and a coalition of forces that included the Quraysh and several Jewish tribes.

Upon learning that Abu Sufyan was leading an army of 10,000 soldiers toward Medina, the Prophet ﷺ was advised by Salman al-Farsi to dig a trench along the northern border of the city, as the other sides were protected by dense forests and mountains. The Muslims took six days to complete this defensive trench.

The trench proved effective, preventing the Quraysh army from entering Medina. Unable to breach the city's defences, the Quraysh sought alternative strategies. The leader of Banu al-Nadir, a Jewish tribe, approached Banu al-Qurayza, another Jewish tribe that had previously signed a treaty with the Muslims and even assisted in digging the trench. However, Banu al-Qurayza betrayed the treaty and agreed to support the Quraysh by planning an attack on Muslim women and children in the southern part of Medina.

When the Prophet ﷺ learned of this plan, he swiftly sent a force to protect the vulnerable, successfully keeping Banu al-Qurayza at bay.

Meanwhile, Nuaym ibn Masud, an elderly man who had secretly embraced Islam, approached the Prophet ﷺ offering his assistance. The Prophet ﷺ advised him to sow discord between Banu al-Qurayza and the Quraysh. Following this advice, Nuaym ibn Masud warned Banu al-Qurayza that if the Muslims won, the Quraysh would abandon them, leaving them to face the consequences alone. He suggested they demand hostages from the Quraysh as a guarantee of their support.

Nuaym ibn Masud then went to the Quraysh and falsely claimed that Banu Qurayza had re-aligned with the Muslims, causing mistrust and suspicion between the two groups.

Eventually a powerful storm struck, leaving the Quraysh and Banu al-Qurayza in a weakened state, forcing them to withdraw from the battlefield. Despite being heavily outnumbered, with an army of only 3,000 Muslims against 10,000 enemies, the Muslims emerged victorious. This triumph significantly strengthened the reputation and influence of the Prophet ﷺ throughout the Arabian Peninsula.

A TREATY, PLEASING TO ALLAH

QURAISH ACKNOWLEDGE THE LEGITIMACY OF THE MUSLIMS

In the seventh year after Hijra, the Prophet ﷺ set out with the muslims to Makkah with the intention of performing Umrah (pilgrimage). They met with the Makkans who prevented them from performing Umrah, however a contract was made between the two parties, known as “The Treaty of Hudaibiya”.

Of the terms included in this treaty was that fighting between them cease for 10 years and that whilst the Muslims had to return to Medina without performing Umrah that year, they could return and perform umrah the following year.

THE CONQUEST OF MAKKAH

MONOTHEISM BECOMES ESTABLISHED IN THE ARABIAN PENINSULA

In the eighth year of Hijra, the Makkans broke the terms of the treaty, so the Prophet ﷺ conquered Makkah. The idols and other symbols of polytheism in Makkah were destroyed.

After this conquest of Makkah, Islam began to spread in Arabia, and delegations went out to various places to teach Islam.

PASSING AWAY OF THE PROPHET

The Prophet ﷺ passed away at the age of 63 years old on Monday the 12th of Rabi Al-awal. He ﷺ was buried where he passed away, in the house of Aisha.

COMPANIONS OF
PROPHET MUHAMMAD ﷺ
COMPANION NAME +

One line about the companion
×
NAMES

MUHAMMAD BIN ISMAIL BIN IBRAHIM IBN AL-MUGHIRAH AL-BUKHARI
ABU ABDULLAH (KUNYA)

LIVED: 9TH CENTURY

194 - 256 H / 810 - 870 CE
EITHER THE 3RD GENERATION (TABI'UN) OR THE 4TH GENERATION (TABI'UT TABI'IN) AFTER THE PROPHET MUHAMMAD ﷺ

FROM: BUKHARA, CENTRAL ASIA

PRESENT-DAY UZBEKISTAN

KNOWN FOR:

Renowned Imam and Scholar of Hadith (sayings and traditions of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ)
Compiler of the Sahih al-Bukhari, one of the most trusted collections of Hadith

STUDENT OF:

STUDIED UNDER OVER A THOUSAND SCHOLARS FROM THE IMAMS OF AHLUS SUNNAH WAL JAMA'AH, INCLUDING:
MAKKI BIN IBRAHIM (BALKH)
SADAQA BIN FADL (MAR'A)
YAHYA BIN YAHYA BIN BAKR AL-MUQRI (NISABUR)

BOOKS

SAHIH AL-BUKHARI

INTERESTING FACTS

Did you know Imam Bukhari was so meticulous in his research that he only narrated Hadith from scholars who were considered reliable authorities on the subject?
Did you know Imam Bukhari's exceptional memory allowed him to recall not only the Hadith themselves but also their chains of transmission?

BRIEF BIO:

Imam Bukhari was known for his exceptional memory and lifelong dedication to seeking knowledge. He began his journey of learning at a young age, around 10 years old, and continued to pursue knowledge for over 46 years. During this time, he traveled extensively throughout the Islamic world, collecting Hadith narrations. Over the course of 16 years, he compiled Sahih al-Bukhari, a highly respected collection of Hadith, selecting only the most authentic narrations from more than 600,000 that he had gathered.

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COMPANION NAME

One line about the companion

COMPANION NAME

One line about the companion

COMPANION NAME

One line about the companion

CALIPH ABU BAKR

CALIPHATE: 632-634 CE

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NAMES

ABU BAKR AS-SIDDIQ
ALSO KNOWN AS ABDULLAH IBN ABI QUHAFAH

LIVED: 1ST CENTURY AH

~ 573-634 CE
A SAHABA
FIRST GENERATION OF MUSLIMS

FROM: MECCA, ARABIA

TRIBE OF TAYM, A BRANCH OF THE QURAYSH TRIBE

KNOWN FOR:

BEING THE FIRST ADULT MALE TO CONVERT TO ISLAM AFTER THE PROPHET MUHAMMAD ﷺ
BEING A CLOSE FRIEND AND CONFIDANT OF THE PROPHET MUHAMMAD ﷺ
SUCCEEDING THE PROPHET MUHAMMAD ﷺ AS THE FIRST CALIPH OF THE MUSLIM COMMUNITY
LEADING THE MUSLIMS DURING THE RIDDA WARS (WARS AGAINST APOSTATES)
EXPANDING THE ISLAMIC EMPIRE THROUGH CONQUESTS

STUDENT OF:

PROPHET MUHAMMAD ﷺ

BOOKS

ABU BAKR DID NOT AUTHOR ANY BOOKS, HIS LIFE AND ACTIONS ARE EXTENSIVELY DOCUMENTED IN ISLAMIC HISTORICAL TEXTS, PARTICULARLY THE SIRA AND SUNNAH.

INTERESTING FACTS

• HE WAS KNOWN FOR HIS HONESTY, GENEROSITY, AND PIETY.
• HE WAS A SUCCESSFUL MERCHANT BEFORE CONVERTING TO ISLAM.
• HE WAS ONE OF THE FEW INDIVIDUALS WHO NEVER DOUBTED THE PROPHET MUHAMMAD'S ﷺ MESSAGE.
• HE PARTICIPATED IN THE HIJRAH (MIGRATION) TO MEDINA WITH THE PROPHET MUHAMMAD ﷺ.
• HE WAS THE FIRST TO PLEDGE ALLEGIANCE TO THE PROPHET MUHAMMAD AS THE LEADER OF THE MUSLIM COMMUNITY.

BRIEF BIO:

Abu Bakr As-Siddiq was a pivotal figure in the early history of Islam. Born in Mecca, he quickly became a close friend and confidant of the Prophet Muhammad. After the Prophet's passing, Abu Bakr was elected as the first Caliph of the Muslim community.

His leadership was marked by his strong faith, his ability to unite the diverse Muslim population, and his military prowess. Under his guidance, the Islamic empire expanded through conquests in Syria, Iraq, and Egypt.

Known for his humility, generosity, and piety, Abu Bakr was revered by his contemporaries and has been admired by generations of Muslims since. His loyalty to the Prophet Muhammad and selfless service to Islam serve as an inspiration for Muslims worldwide.

BATTLE OF YAMAMA

632 CE

Central Arabia
A key battle in the Ridda Wars where Khalid ibn al-Walid defeats Musaylimah, ensuring the consolidation of the Islamic state.
CALIPH UMAR IBN AL-KHATTAB

CALIPHATE: 634-644 CE

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NAMES

UMAR IBN AL-KHATTAB IBN NUFAYL AL-ADAWI AL-QURASHI
ABU HAFS (KUNYA)

LIVED: 7TH CENTURY

40 BH – 23 AH / 584 CE – 644 CE
A SAHABA
FIRST GENERATION OF MUSLIMS
CALIPHATE: 13 – 23 AH / 634 – 644 CE

FROM: MECCA, ARABIA

QURAYSH TRIBE, FROM THE BANU ADI CLAN

KNOWN FOR:

Second Caliph of Islam
Renowned for his justice and leadership
Instrumental in the expansion of the Islamic empire to include modern-day Egypt, Syria, Iraq, and Persia
Strong opposition to Islam initially, followed by a passionate conversion that strengthened the Muslim community
Being one of the ten companions promised Paradise by the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ
Martyrdom while leading the Fajr prayer

STUDENT OF:

PROPHET MUHAMMAD ﷺ

BOOKS

Umar ibn al-Khattab did not write any books, but many of his sayings, letters, and judgments were recorded by others. His contributions to Islamic governance, legal systems, and administration have been well-documented in historical and Hadith literature.

INTERESTING FACTS

• Did you know? Umar ibn al-khattab made a dua to die as a martyr in madinah—and it was answered, despite the unlikelihood of martyrdom in the prophet’s city.
• he was one of the ten people promised paradise (jannah) by the prophet muhammad (pbuh). • umar was known for his strong stance on justice and famously said, "If a mule stumbles in iraq, I would fear that allah would ask me why I did not pave the road for it."
• he introduced the hijri calendar based on the lunar year.
• after his conversion, umar encouraged the muslims to publicly declare their faith, giving strength and visibility to the early muslim community.

BRIEF BIO:

Umar ibn al-Khattab was born in Makkah into the Quraysh tribe and initially opposed Islam. He embraced Islam after Prophet Muhammad ﷺ prayed for his guidance, and his conversion marked a turning point for the early Muslim community. As a close companion of the Prophet ﷺ, Umar played a crucial role in key battles and in the leadership of the growing Muslim state.

Appointed the second caliph in 13 AH (634 CE), Umar's ten-year rule was marked by rapid expansion of the Islamic empire into Byzantine and Sassanian territories. Known for his justice and administrative reforms, he introduced the Hijri calendar and established foundational Islamic governance. Umar was martyred in 644 CE while leading Fajr prayer and was buried next to the Prophet ﷺ and Abu Bakr, leaving a lasting legacy of justice and leadership.

BATTLE OF YARMOUK

636 CE

Levant, modern-day Syria, Asia.
A decisive battle where the Muslim forces defeated the Byzantine Empire, leading to the Muslim conquest of Syria.
HISTORY OF PALESTINE
CONQUEST OF JERUSALEM

637 CE

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  1. Conquer of Umar.
  2. Palestine falls to Crusaders.
  3. Palestine under Muslim control.
  4. Palestine part of the Ottoman Empire.
  5. The Sykes-Picot Agreement, a covert arrangement made between Britain and France outlining how they would divide the territory in the Middle East.
  7. The Balfour Declaration-The British government declared support for the establishment of a "national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine.
  8. World War I ended resulting in the fall of the Ottoman Caliphate. Britain gained control of Palestine.
  9. Britain facilitated Jewish immigration to Palestine. By 1947, the Jewish population had increased to 33%.
  10. Sir Herbert Samuel, a British Jew, appointed as the first High Commissioner for Palestine.
  11. Palestinian demonstrations in Jerusalem after the British declared the enforcement of the Balfour Declaration.
  12. During the Nebi Musa festival, violence in Jerusalem broke out. It was one of the first major confrontations under British administration.
  13. The League of Nations gave Britain the mandate to rule Palestine.
  14. In an attempt to prevent Jewish control of the Al-Buraq Wall demonstrations took place which turned into violent clashes, leading to widespread riots.
  15. A British inquiry into the unrest acknowledged the destabilising effect of Bristish policies, concluding that civil unrest was the likely outcome of making Palestinians landless.
  16. Start of a sustained revolution by Palestinian Arabs mobilising thousands of Palestinians and non-Palestinian Arabs.
  17. The British government appointed the Peel Commission which recommended the partition of Palestine, and the transfer of Arabs from areas designated for the Jewish state.
  18. The Arabs rejected the proposal and the revolt intensified. In response the British declared martial law and took harsh measures to suppress the uprisings.
  19. During the Second World War, the British needed Arab support and access to oil so Jewish immigration into Palestine was limited.
  20. The new British government of July 1945 feared mass Jewish immigration into Palestine would provoke a civil war so this was restricted.
  21. The US government increased its support for the creation of Jewish state due to pressure from US Zionists. It applied econimic pressure to Britain.
  22. The Zionist conference in London August 1945 resulted in active opposition to British rule by three Jewish military groups.
  23. Jewish insurgents bombed communication lines, British buildings and targeted British troops. The King David bombing killed 91 people, mostly civilians.
  24. As Britain was dependent on US aid, in February 1947 UK decided to withdraw from the region and asked the United Nations to find a solution.
  25. In May 1947, the United Nations adopted Resolution 181, allocating 55% of Palestine to the Jewish. At the time, Jews owned 6.5 percent of the land.
  26. The Nabka/ The Arab-Israeli War - The passing of the UN resolution was opposed by Arabs and resulted in a civil war. Zionists carried out ethnic clensing of Palestinians.
  27. 100,000 Palestinians fled their homes to neighbouring countries in response to attacks. From March Palestinians were also forcibly explelled from their homes.
  28. Deir Yassin Massacare. On 9th April, Jews killed over 100 civillians in Dier Yassin, even through they were not engaged in fighting their Jewish neighbours.
  29. A new state of Israel declared. Immediatley recognised by the USA then USSR. Last of the British troops leave. Armies from Egypt, Syriya, Transjordan, Lebanon and Iraq enter Palestine.
  30. The Israeli Defence Forces created.
  31. UN security council calls for a ceasefire. Ceasefire begins. Arab forces in control of Galilee, the West Bank, the Gaza strip and the Negev Desert.
  32. Israel breaks the ceasefire and invades part of Galiliee and the West Bank.
  33. Second caesefire begins. On 15th October, Israel breaks caesefire- by end of October takes rest of Galilee and by February the Negev Desert.
  34. Armistice agreed with each of the Arab nations. Around 75% of Palestine now under Israeli control.
  35. To support Jewish immigration, the Israeli parliament passed the Law of Return which gave any Jew in the world the right to Israeli citizenship. Palestinians were forbidden to return.
  36. The Cairo Conference in January 1964 where all Arab League member leaders attended resulted in the creation of the Palestine Liberation Organisation and Palestine Liberation Army.
  37. The 6 Day War: Israel launched a massive surprise attack on Egypt, Syria and Jordan. This resulted in Israel occupying all of Palestine within 6 days.
  38. The 6 Day War-Day 1: Israel air force destroys Egyptian, Syrian, and Jordanian air forces and air fields. Israeli forces advance into Gaza and get control of the Gaza Strip from Egypt.
  39. The 6 Day War-Day 2: Israeli forces advanced into the Sinai Desert towards the Suez Canal.
  40. The 6 Day War-Day 3: Israeli forces get control of Sinai from Egypts and capture Jerusalem. Jordan accepted UN calls for ceasefire.
  41. The 6 Day War-Day 4: Israeli forces get control of the West Bank from Jordan. Egypt accepts UN calls for ceasefire.
  42. The 6 Day War-Day 5: Israeli forces attack the Golan Heights.
  43. The 6 Day War-Day 6: Israeli forces get control of the Golan Heights from Syria. Syria accepts UN calls for ceasefire.
  44. The Intifada. Military rule, harsh living conditions and continual building of Jewish settlements in Gaza and the West Bank caused tensions. This led to an uprising lasting 5 years.
  45. Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat and Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin signed the Oslo Accords, marking the first time both sides officially recognised each other and aimed to establish peace within 5 years.
  46. The Oslo II Agreement divided the occupied West Bank, giving the Palestinian Authority limited governance over 18% of the land, with the transfer of more authority to the Palestinians intended.
  47. Israeli settlements expanded rapidly, growing from 250,000 settlers in 1993 to over 700,000 by 2023. These settlements are considered illegal under international law.
  48. Under the Oslo agreement, by 1999, there was supposed to be an independent Palestine. Successive Israeli governments refused to abide by the Oslo Accords.
  49. Israeli opposition leader Ariel Sharon sparked an uprising when he stormed al-Aqsa Mosque with more than 1,000 armed troops.
  50. The Second Intifada – began as largely non-violent demonstrations against Israeli occupation but escalated due to Israel’s excessive use of force.
  51. Israel intensified its military actions, demolishing over 5,000 Palestinian homes and damaging another 6,500 beyond repair.
  52. Israel intensified its military actions, demolishing over 5,000 Palestinian homes and damaging another 6,500 beyond repair.
  53. Arab Peace Initiative proposed by Palestinian leaders, backed by the Arab League, to end the violence. Israel rejected this, further prolonging the conflict.
  54. The construction of the separation wall began in 2002. The wall's route often annexes Palestinian land separating communities from their agricultural land, schools, and other vital resources.
  55. The Palestinian Authority proposed an immediate halt to attacks on Israel, contingent upon a phased Israeli withdrawal to pre-Intifada positions. Israel rejected this.
  56. Israel imposed a blockade on Gaza following Hamas’ takeover. This siege has deeply affected the lives of Gaza’s 2.2 million residents, limiting access to food, water, electricity, and medical supplies.
  57. Israel imposed a total blockade in response to a Hamas attack, cutting off all essential resources.
CONQUEST OF EGYPT

639-642 CE

Egypt, North Africa
During the Caliphate of Umar, Muslim forces led by Amr ibn al-As conquered Egypt from the Byzantine Empire.
CALIPH UTHMAN IBN AFFAN

CALIPHATE: 644-656 CE

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NAMES
UTHMAN IBN AFFAN IBN ABU AL-'AS IBN UMAYYAH IBN ABD SHAMS IBN ABD MANAF IBN QUSAY IBN KILAB IBN MURRAH IBN KA'AB IBN LU'AYY IBN GHALIB IBN FAHR IBN MALIK.
ABU AMR (KUNYA)
ABU ABDULLAH (KUNYA)
NICKNAME: DHUNNURAYN (THE POSSESSOR OF THE TWO LIGHTS)

LIVED: 7TH CENTURY

56-35 BH / 584 CE – 644 CE
A SAHABA (AMONG THE EARLY COMPANIONS OF PROPHET MUHAMMAD ﷺ)
FIRST GENERATION OF MUSLIMS

FROM: MECCA, ARABIA

AL-QURASHI AL-UMAWI

KNOWN FOR:

Third Khalifah of the Rashidun Caliphate
Married two daughters of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ (Ruqayya and Umm Kulthum), earning him the nickname Dhunnurayn
articipation in key Islamic battles such as:
• Uhud
• Al-Khandaq (the Trench)
• Al-Hudaibiyah
• Khaybar
• The Conquest of Mecca
• Preparation and funding of the Battle of Tabuk with 300 camels

STUDENT OF:

ABU BAKR AS-SIDDIQ: THROUGH HIS DA'WAH, WHICH LED TO UTHMAN IBN AFFAN’S EARLY CONVERSION TO ISLAM
PROPHET MUHAMMAD ﷺ

BOOKS

Uthman ibn Affan is not known for authoring any books but is recognised for compiling the Quran into a standardised written form during his caliphate.

INTERESTING FACTS

• Possessor of the Two Lights: Married two daughters of Prophet Muhammad.
• Given Glad Tidings of Paradise: One of the ten companions specifically mentioned
• Dug the well of Rumah
• Prepared the army for the Battle of Tabuk.
• Stayed behind during the Battle of Badr: To care for his ill wife, earning him rewards despite not participating directly.
• Role in Conquests: Under his leadership, Islam expanded significantly with numerous military campaigns and territorial expansions.

BRIEF BIO:

Uthman ibn Affan was the son of Affan and was married to Ruqayya and Umm Kulthum, both of whom were daughters of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. He embraced Islam during its early days, influenced by Abu Bakr as-Siddiq, one of the Prophet’s closest companions.

Uthman took part in both of the significant migrations (Hijras) of early Muslims, first to Abyssinia and later to Medina, reflecting his commitment to the Muslim cause.

As the third Khalifah (caliph), Uthman played a central role in the early Islamic expansions and governance. His leadership was marked by his administrative contributions and his involvement in overseeing the growth of the Muslim community.

Uthman was widely known for his piety, generosity, and devotion to the well-being of the Muslim community. Among his significant contributions was his work in compiling the Quran, ensuring its preservation for future generations

In his later years, Uthman faced rising internal tensions, known as the fitna. These conflicts culminated in his assassination, bringing a turbulent end to his period of leadership.

FIRST FITNA (CIVIL WAR)

656-661 CE

Arabian Peninsula and Iraq
The first Islamic civil war following the assassination of Caliph Uthman.
CALIPH ALI IBN ABI TALIB

CALIPHATE: 656-661 CE

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NAMES

ALI IBN ABI TALIB
ABU AL-HASAN (KUNYA)
ABU AL-HUSAYN (KUNYA)
ALSO KNOWN AS ABU TURAB

LIVED: 7TH CENTURY

~23BH – 40 H / ~599 – 661 CE
A SAHABA
FIRST GENERATION OF MUSLIMS

FROM: MECCA, ARABIA

TRIBE: BANU HASHIM (QURAYSH)
FATHER: ABU TALIB (REAL NAME: ABD MANAF), UNCLE OF THE PROPHET MUHAMMAD ﷺ
MOTHER: FATIMAH BINT ASAD, FROM BANU HASHIM

KNOWN FOR:

Fourth Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate.
One of the Ten Companions promised Paradise.
Son-in-law of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ (married to Fatimah bint Muhammad ﷺ)
Renowned for his bravery, piety, and knowledge of Islamic jurisprudence

STUDENT OF:

PROPHET MUHAMMAD ﷺ

BOOKS

No direct authored works, but his speeches, letters, and sayings were later compiled, notably in Nahjul Balagha (though its authenticity is debated).

INTERESTING FACTS

• Did you know that Ali ibn Abi Talib became a Muslim as a child, possibly at the age of 10, and was raised by the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ himself?
• Did you know that Ali was known for his distinct brown complexion and had a large beard that covered his chest and shoulders?
• Did you know that Ali was the one to be given the flag during the battle of Khaybar, after the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ cured his eye ailment with his spittle?
• Did you know that Ali killed the renowned Persian horseman Amr ibn Abd Wudd in the Battle of Khandaq?
• Did you know that Ali was called Abu Turab, a nickname given to him by Prophet Muhammad ﷺ?

BRIEF BIO:

Ali ibn Abi Talib was born into the noble family of Banu Hashim and raised under the care of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ from a young age. He embraced Islam as a child, possibly at the age of 10, making him one of the earliest followers of Islam. His relationship with the Prophet ﷺ deepened when he married the Prophet’s daughter, Fatimah. Ali participated in nearly all major battles in the early days of Islam, including Badr, Uhud, and Khandaq, where he distinguished himself as a fearless warrior.

Ali became the fourth caliph after the assassination of Uthman ibn Affan, facing internal strife during his rule, including the First Fitna (civil war) involving key figures like Muawiyah. His leadership was marked by efforts to unite the Muslim community amidst growing tensions. Ali was ultimately assassinated by a Kharijite in 661CE.

MUAWIYA I'S CALIPHATE
ESTABLISHMENT OF UMAYYAD DYNASTY

661 CE

Damascus, Syria
Muawiya I established the Umayyad Caliphate, shifting the capital to Damascus and expanding the empire westward.
BATTLE OF KARBALA

680 CE

Karbala, Iraq
The battle resulted in the martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali and significantly impacted Shia Islam.
CONQUEST OF NORTH AFRICA

670-711 CE

North Africa (Modern-day Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Africa).
Umayyad forces expanded into North Africa, establishing control over the region.
IMAM MALIK

93-179 AH 711-795 CE

ABDULLAH IBN AL-MUBARAK

118-181 AH 736-797 CE

FUDAYL BIN IYAAD

107-187 AH 725-803 CE

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NAMES

info info info info info info info info

LIVED: 9TH CENTURY

107-187H / 705-803 CE
3RD GENERATION
TABAA'AT-TAABI'EEN

FROM: SAMARKAND

MODERN DAY UZBEKISTAN

KNOWN FOR:

BEING A HIGHWAY ROBBER
A TEACHER OF IMAM SHAFI'I

BRIEF BIO:

Grew up to be known as a notorious criminal engaged in highway robbery. He was feared amongst the people at the time and was well known in the area.

At the age of 40 years, whilst on his way to meet his beloved, he heard the verses of the Quran:

‘Has not the time come for the hearts of those who believe (in the Oneness of Allah) to be affected by Allah's Reminder (this Qur'an), and that which has been revealed of the truth…’
[Surah Hadid 16]

He replied “Nay indeed my Lord, the time has come”. He turned his life around and vowed to devote himself in worship to Allah and moved to Makkah. Whilst in Makkah, he gained so much knowledge he became an Imam of the deen, and was well known for righteousness, piety and Zuhd (abstinence) of worldly matters and was one of the Teachers of Imam Shafi'i.

IMAM SHAFI'I

150-204 AH 767 - 820 CE

IMAM AHMAD BIN HANBAL

164-241 AH 780 - 855 CE

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NAMES

ABU ABDILLAH AHMAD IBN MUHAMMAD IBN HANBAL IBN HILAL IBN ASAD

LIVED: 9TH CENTURY

164-241H / 780-855 CE
HE WAS FROM THOSE THAT CAME AFTER THE TABI’EE TABI’EEN

FROM: BAGHDAD

HE WAS ASH-SHAYBANEE FROM THE TRIBE OF SHAYBAN, WHO WAS ADNANI.

KNOWN FOR:

HIS STRENGTH IN DEFENDING THE SUNNAH ON THE DAY OF THE MIHNAH (INQUISITION)
HIS VAST KNOWLEDGE IN THE SCIENCE OF HADEETH
BEING ONE OF THE FOUR IMAMS OF THE MADHAHIB
IMAM OF THE HANBALI MADHAB

STUDENT OF:

HE TOOK KNOWLEDGE FROM THE IMAMS OF THE SUNNAH INCLUDING:
SUFYAN IBN UYAYNAH
ABDURRAZZAQ
IMAM ASH-SHAFI’EE

BOOKS

NOTABLE BOOKS:

He compiled the Musnad - one of the largest and earliest compilations of Hadeeth, with about 30,000 Hadeeths in it.

The Book of Zuhd – wherein he mentions the narrations related to piety and purification of the soul and self.

Fada’il as-Sahaba (Virtues of the Companions) – wherein he mentions the narrations related to the Companions of the Messenger and their virtues.

INTERESTING FACT

IMAM AHMAD MEMORISED 1 MILLION HADEETHS WITH THEIR CHAINS OF NARRATIONS, AT A TIME WHEN THE ARABS DIDN’T EVEN HAVE A WORD FOR MILLION.

BRIEF BIO:

Imam Ahmad grew up under the care of his mother as an orphan, as his father had died, close to the time of his birth. She taught him manners and etiquettes and was keen with regards to his studies. He began seeking knowledge at the age of 15 and took a keen interest in Hadeeth.

He was a pious man and was named an Imam in Zuhd by Imam ash-Shafi’ee.

He endured persecution and imprisonment during the Mihna (the Inquisition) under the Abbasid Caliph Al-Ma'mun, who sought to impose the Mutazilite doctrine that the Quran was created. Imam Ahmad refused to accept this doctrine which caused him to be imprisoned for most of his life.

And on the day of the Mihnah, he was the last man standing for the religion, with the standing of the Prophets as mentioned by the scholars of his time.

CORONATION OF CHARLEMAGNE

800 CE

Rome, Italy, Europe.
Charlemagne was crowned Emperor of the Romans by Pope Leo III, marking the foundation of the Holy Roman Empire.
IMAM AL-BUKHARI

194-256 AH 810 - 870 CE

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NAMES

MUHAMMAD BIN ISMAIL BIN IBRAHIM IBN AL-MUGHIRAH AL-BUKHARI
ABU ABDULLAH (KUNYA)

LIVED: 9TH CENTURY

194 - 256 H / 810 - 870 CE
EITHER THE 3RD GENERATION (TABI'UN) OR THE 4TH GENERATION (TABI'UT TABI'IN) AFTER THE PROPHET MUHAMMAD ﷺ

FROM: BUKHARA, CENTRAL ASIA

PRESENT-DAY UZBEKISTAN

KNOWN FOR:

Renowned Imam and Scholar of Hadith (sayings and traditions of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ)
Compiler of the Sahih al-Bukhari, one of the most trusted collections of Hadith

STUDENT OF:

STUDIED UNDER OVER A THOUSAND SCHOLARS FROM THE IMAMS OF AHLUS SUNNAH WAL JAMA'AH, INCLUDING:
MAKKI BIN IBRAHIM (BALKH)
SADAQA BIN FADL (MAR'A)
YAHYA BIN YAHYA BIN BAKR AL-MUQRI (NISABUR)
IBRAHIM BIN MUSA BIN YAZID AL RAZI (RAY)
MUHAMMAD BIN ISA AL TABBA (BAGHDAD)
HAJJAJ BIN MINHAL (AL-BASRA)
KHALID BIN MAHLAD (KUFA)
KHALID BIN YAZID AL MUQRI (KUFA)
ABDULLAH BIN ZUBAIR AL HUMAYDI (MAKKAH)
ISMAIL BIN ABI UWAIS (AL-MADINAH)
ABDULLAH BIN YUSUF AL-TINNISI (MISR)
ABU AL-YAMAN AL-HAKAM BIN NAFI' (SHAM)
MUHAMMAD BIN YUSUF AL-FARYABI (SHAM)
IMAM AHMAD IBN MUHAMMAD
ALI AL-MADINI
ABDURRAHMAN IBN NAHDI

BOOKS

SAHIH AL-BUKHARI

INTERESTING FACTS

Did you know Imam Bukhari was so meticulous in his research that he only narrated Hadith from scholars who were considered reliable authorities on the subject?
Did you know Imam Bukhari's exceptional memory allowed him to recall not only the Hadith themselves but also their chains of transmission?
Did you know Imam Bukhari was once subjected to a rigorous test by scholars in Baghdad who presented him with fabricated Hadith with mixed-up chains of narration? He successfully identified the correct versions, impressing those present.
Did you know that Sahih al-Bukhari is not only a collection of Hadith but also a book of Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), as evidenced by the chapter headings and Imam Bukhari's legal positions?
Did you know prominent scholars like Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal and Abu Ammar Al-Husayn bin Hurayth praised Imam Bukhari's vast knowledge of Hadith and his contribution to Islamic scholarship?

BRIEF BIO:

Imam Bukhari was known for his exceptional memory and lifelong dedication to seeking knowledge. He began his journey of learning at a young age, around 10 years old, and continued to pursue knowledge for over 46 years. During this time, he traveled extensively throughout the Islamic world, collecting Hadith narrations. Over the course of 16 years, he compiled Sahih al-Bukhari, a highly respected collection of Hadith, selecting only the most authentic narrations from more than 600,000 that he had gathered.

Imam Bukhari was widely known for his piety, meticulous research methods, and focus on preserving the Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. His careful approach to selecting reliable narrators and his dedication to authenticating Hadith played a significant role in his scholarly contributions.

Imam Bukhari's meticulousness extended to his narrators, only choosing those considered reliable authorities in their fields. His remarkable memory allowed him to not only recall Hadith accurately but also remember the chains of transmission for each narration. At one point, he was tested by scholars in Baghdad who presented him with fabricated Hadith that had incorrect chains of narration. Imam Bukhari successfully identified the correct versions, leaving the scholars in awe of his knowledge.

In addition to being a Hadith collection, Sahih al-Bukhari is also considered a book of Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), evident from the chapter headings and the legal positions Imam Bukhari took. Prominent scholars such as Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal and Abu Ammar Al-Husayn bin Hurayth praised his vast knowledge of Hadith and his contributions to Islamic scholarship.

ABDURAHMAN IBN ABI HAATIM AR-RAZI

195-277 AH 811 - 890 CE

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NAMES

ABU HATIM MUHAMMAD IBN IDREES AL-RAZI

LIVED: 9TH CENTURY

195-277 H / 811 - 890 CE

3RD GENERATION
HE WAS FROM THE TABI‘ AL-TABI‘EEN

FROM: RAYY

MODERN-DAY TEHRAN, IRAN

ABU HATIM BELONGED TO THE HANDHALAH CLAN WITHIN THE LARGER BANU TAMIM TRIBE, AN INFLUENTIAL TRIBE IN ISLAMIC HISTORY.

KNOWN FOR:

He was a prominent hadith scholar, known for his critical analysis of hadith narrators (Jarh wa Ta'dil) and his contributions to Islamic jurisprudence and theology.

STUDENT OF:

AHMAD IBN HANBAL (A KEY FIGURE IN HADITH SCIENCES AND FOUNDER OF THE HANBALI SCHOOL OF THOUGHT)
MUHAMMAD IBN ABDULLAH AL-ANSARI
UTHMAN IBN HEITHAM
ABU DAWOOD (FAMOUS FOR SUNAN ABU DAWOOD)

BOOKS

AL-JARH WA AL-TA'DIL (CRITICISM AND PRAISE OF NARRATORS)
KITAB AL-ILAL (THE BOOK OF CAUSES IN HADITH TRANSMISSION)
AQEEDAT AR-RAZIYEEN (CO-AUTHORED WITH ABU ZURA AL-RAZI)
KITAB AL-TAFSIR (EXEGESIS OF THE QUR’AN)
KITAB AL-ZUHD (THE BOOK OF ASCETICISM)
KITAB AL-SUNNAN (THE BOOK OF SUNAN)

INTERESTING FACTS

Did you know that Abu Hatim al-Razi would have his son read hadith to him even while in the bathroom, showcasing his dedication to utilizing every moment for learning?
Did you know that Abu Hatim’s son, Abdur-Rahman, was instrumental in compiling Aqeedat Ar-Raziyeen, continuing his father's scholarly legacy?

BRIEF BIO:

Abu Hatim al-Razi was born in 195H in Rayy (modern-day Tehran, Iran). He embarked on a journey for knowledge at the age of 20, travelling extensively across the Islamic world, including Sham, Iraq, Hijaz, Palestine, and Syria. His travels lasted for seven years, covering vast distances on foot in search of knowledge. He is well-remembered for his dedication to the sciences of hadith and his contribution to the broader Islamic scholarly tradition. He also had a son, Abdur-Rahman, who became a notable scholar in his own right.

IBN AL-MUNZHIR

242-318 AH 857-930 CE

IMAN TAHAAWI

239-321 AH 853-933 CE

AL-BARBAHAAREE

253-329 AH 867-941 CE

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NAMES

ABU MUHAMMAD AL HASAN BIN ALI BIN KHALAF AL BARBAHAAREE

LIVED: 9TH CENTURY

253-329 H / 867-941 CE
HE WAS 3 YEARS OLD AT THE DEATH OF IMAM AL BUKHAARI. HE CAME AFTER THAT GENERATION.

FROM: IRAQ
KNOWN FOR:

He was from the greater scholars of the Hanaabilah, a caller to the Sunnah : he was very stern against the people of innovations and deviant sects, opposing them with his tongue and his hand.
Ibn Battah and Imaam Ahmad's son were both his students.

STUDENT OF:

AHMAD IBN MUHAMMAD AL HAJJAJ ABU BAKR AL MARROODHI (DIED IN 275 HIJRI) FAMOUS STUDENT OF IMAAM AHMAD
SAHL IBN ABDILLAH IBN YUNUS AT TUSTARI ABU MUHAMMAD (DIED IN 283)
AL FATH IBN SHUKHRUF (DIED IN 273 HIJRI)

BOOKS

SHARH-US SUNNAH

INTERESTING FACTS

Did you know? Al-Barbahari's name comes from "al-barbahar," a type of medicine imported from India, suggesting he may have worked with or traded it.
Did you know? When Al-Barbahari passed away, only one person prayed over his body. However, a lady who witnessed his funeral prayer (janaaza) claimed upon opening her door, to have seen figures who prayed dressed in white and green garments, filling the room in a miraculous display.

BRIEF BIO:

He was born during the khilafah of Mu'tazi biLlah Muhammad. He grew up in an unstable political environment as well as flourishing knowledge where ahl as sunnah were widespread in the land.

He was a contemporary of a group of Imams such as Ibn Majah, Abu Dawud As-Sijistani, Hanbal ibn Ishaq (student of Imam Ahmad), and Ibn Qutaybah. Fully acquainted with the Madhhab of Imam Ahmad, he delved deeply into knowledge, acquiring `Aqīdah, Fiqh, and other sciences from great scholars. He excelled in learning, was influenced by Imam Ahmad's students, and was also a poet. Known for his piety and abstinence from worldly life, he stood firm for religion.

In Safar 323, his speeches gained significant influence, forbidding innovations. In response, the innovators persuaded Caliph Ar-Radhi to silence him. Al-Barbahari was then forced to leave the city and went into hiding, passing away in Rajab 329 AH at 76 or 77 years old.

IMAM AL-AJURI

280-360 AH 893 - 970 CE

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NAMES

ABU BAKR MUHAMMAD IBN AL-HUSAYN IBN ABDILLAH AL-BAGHDADI AL-AJURRI

LIVED: 10TH CENTURY

280 - 360 H / 893 - 970 CE

HE CAME AFTER THE PERIOD OF THE GREAT IMAMS, SUCH AS IMAM AHMAD IBN HANBAL.

FROM: BAGHDAD, IRAQ
KNOWN FOR:

ASH-SHARI'AH: CONSIDERED AN ENCYCLOPEDIA ON ISLAMIC CREED AND JURISPRUDENCE BASED ON THE METHODOLOGY OF THE QURAN AND SUNNAH

STUDENT OF:

ABU MUSLIM MUHAMMAD IBN YAHYA AL-MARWAZI
ABU SHU'AIB AL-HARRAAMI
AHMAD IBN YAHYA AL-HULWAANI
AL-HASAN IBN ALI AL-QATTAN
JA'FAR IBN MUHAMMAD AL-FIRYAAQI
IBN ABI DAWUD

BOOKS

ASH-SHARI'AH FI SUNNAH
KITAB AR-RO'YAH
AL-GHURABAH
AKHLAQ AL-'ULAMA

INTERESTING FACT

When he visited Mecca, he greatly admired the place and supplicated to Allah, saying, "O Allah, allow me to reside in this land for a year." He eventually passed away in this very city.

BRIEF BIO:

He was a renowned Islamic scholar who travelled extensively in search of knowledge, eventually settling in Mecca, where he became well-known for his teachings in hadith, Islamic law (fiqh), and ethics. He is considered to be a precise narrator and was highly regarded for his piety, humility, and strict adherence to the Sunnah. It is said that he followed both the Hanbali and Shafi'i madhabs but was not restricted to one school of thought (manhaj) in fiqh.

IBN ABI DAWOOD AS SIJISTANI

d. 369 AH 979 CE

IBN AL-MUNDA

d. 395 AH 1004 CE

AL-LAL AKA'EE

351-418 AH 962-1027 CE

ABU NASR AS-SIJZI

d.444 AH 1052 CE

THE GREAT SCHISM

1054 CE

Byzantine Empire and Western Europe, Modern-day Turkey and Italy, Europe.
The division of Christianity into Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism, shaping religious and cultural differences in Europe.
IBN ABDUL-BARR

368-463 AH 978-1071 CE

KHATEEB AL-BAGHDADI

392-463 AH 1002-1071 CE

NORMAN CONQUEST OF ENGLAND

1066 CE

England, United Kingdom, Europe.
William the Conqueror's victory at the Battle of Hastings led to Norman control of England, significantly influencing its culture and governance.
ABU ISMA'EEL AL-ANSARI

396-481 AH 1005-1088 CE

FIRST CRUSADE

1096-1099 CE

Europe to Jerusalem, Palestine, Asia.
A military expedition by European Christians to reclaim Jerusalem from Muslim control, marking the start of centuries-long Crusades.
IMAM AL-BAGHAWI

436-516 AH 1044-1122 CE

ABUL QAASIM AT-TAYMI

d. 535 AH 1140 CE

ABU SA'AD AS-SAM'AANI

d. 262 AH 1166 CE

ABU BAKR MUHAMMAD BIN MUSA AL-HAZIMI

d. 584 AH 1188 CE

ABDUL GHANI AL MAQDASI

541-600 AH 1146-1203 CE

IBN AS-SALAH

577-643 AH 1181-1245 CE

MONGOL EMPIRE

1206-1368 CE

Central Asia to Europe, Modern-day Mongolia to Eastern Europe, Asia, and Europe.
Genghis Khan founded the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history, facilitating cultural exchange and trade.
MAGNA CARTA

1215 CE

England, United Kingdom, Europe.
Signed by King John, it limited royal power and established certain legal protections, influencing the development of constitutional law.
DIYAA AL-MAQDASI

d. 643 AH 1245 CE

SHIHAAB UDEEN ABU SHAAMA

598-665 AH 1201-1267 CE

ABU FATH' IBN DAQEEQAL EED

625-702 AH 1228-1303 CE

IMAM NAWAWI

631-676 AH 1234-1277 CE

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NAMES

YAHYA IBN SHARAF IBN HASAN IBN HUSSAIN IBN JUM’AH IBN HIZAM AL-HAZIMI AL-‘ALIM MUHYIDDIN ABU ZAKARIYA AL-NAWAWI AL-DAMISHQI

LIVED: 13TH CENTURY

631 - 676 AH / 1233 - 1277 CE

FROM: NAWA, DAMASCUS

NAWA, A TOWN IN THE REGION OF DAMASCUS (SHAM)

HIS LINEAGE IS TRACED BACK TO A FAMILY IN NAWA, DAMASCUS

KNOWN FOR:

A GREAT SCHOLAR OF HADITH, ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE, AND ARABIC LITERATURE.
BEST KNOWN FOR HIS WORKS, INCLUDING:
• AL-ARBA’EEN AL-NAWAWIYAH (THE FORTY HADITH)
• RIYADH AS-SALIHEEN.

BOOKS

• Al-Arba’een Al-Nawawiyah (The Forty Hadith)
• Riyadh As-Saliheen
• Al-Majmoo’ (Shafi’i jurisprudence)
• Tahdhib Al-Asma wa Al-Lughat (Linguistics and biographies)
• Minhaj At-Talibin (Shafi’i Fiqh)
• Juz’ fīhī Thikri ‘I’tiqād as-Salaf fī al-Ḥurūf wa al-Aṣwāt – a treatise affirming the creed of the Salaf, completed less than five months before his passing.

INTERESTING FACTS

Did you know? Imam Al-Nawawi passed away at the young age of 45, yet his scholarly contributions remain invaluable to Islamic literature.
Did you know? Imam An-Nawawi was known for his ascetic lifestyle, refraining from marriage and worldly pleasures to focus solely on his studies and worship.
Did you know? Despite his short life, Imam Al-Nawawi authored many works, demonstrating his dedication and blessing from Allah.

BRIEF BIO:

Birth and Early Life: Born in Nawa in 631 AH (1233 CE).

Education: Studied in Damascus and became known for his dedication to learning, scholarly contributions, and deep understanding of the Shafi’i Madhab.
Creed: An-Nawawi adhered to the creed of the Salaf, affirming the Attributes of Allah as stated in the Quran and Sunnah without delving into speculative theology. He explicitly opposed the Ashʿarī school’s theological rhetoric, stating in his treatise that he believed in all prophetic traditions regarding Allah's Attributes without adding, omitting, or interpreting their details. Contributions: Authored numerous works despite his relatively short life, including his famous Arba'een Al-Nawawiyah, a collection of 40 essential Hadith.
Death: Passed away in 676 AH (1277 CE) at the age of 45.

AD-DIMYATI ABDUL MU'MIN BIN KHALAF

d. 702 AH 1305 CE

IBN TAYMIYYAH

661-728 AH 1263-1328 CE

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NAMES

ABUL-ABBAS AHMED IBN ABD AL-HALIM IBN ABD AS-SALAAM IBN TAYMIYYAH
TITLES: MUHADDITH, AL-HAFIDH, AL-MUFASSIR, AZ-ZAHID, SHAYKH UL-ISLAM

LIVED: 14TH CENTURY

661 - 728 AH/ 1263 - 1328 CE

FROM: CITY OF HARRAN

HE WAS BORN ON A MONDAY IN THE CITY OF HARRAN WHICH WAS IN SYRIA AT THE TIME (MODERN-DAY TURKEY)

LINEAGE: AL-HARRANI

KNOWN FOR:

His vast knowledge in all the Islamic sciences, ranging from Fiqh and Hadeeth to grammar and Tafseer
His numerous works - that numbered over 300 volumes (some of which are lost today)
His in-depth refutations of many of the deviated sects and religions

TEACHERS:

HIS FATHER AND GRANDFATHER WHO WERE SCHOLARS OF THE HANBALI MADHAB
THE NEPHEW OF IMAM IBN QUDAAMAH
AND MANY OTHERS - ADH-DHAHABI RELAYED FROM HIM WHEN HE NUMBERED 43 OF HIS TEACHERS (3 OF WHICH WERE FEMALE SCHOLARS)
HE HAD A VAST LIBRARY WHEREIN HE STUDIED AND HE LOVED TO READ AND MEMORISE FROM A YOUNG AGE

BOOKS

• AL-AQEEDAH AL-WASITIYYAH (THE WASITEE CREED) - WHICH HE WROTE BETWEEN ASR AND MAGHRIB
• AL-JAWAB AS-SAHIH (THE CORRECT REPLY) - WHEREIN HE REFUTED THE CHRISTIANS AND THEIR DOUBTS
• AND MANY OF HIS SMALL TREATISES AND FATAWAS HAVE BEEN COLLECTED IN 20 VOLUMES!

INTERESTING FACTS

He was born into a household of scholars and his father and grandfather were both respected scholars in their own rights.
He fought in battles against the Tartars and was successful on the battleground.

BRIEF BIO:

Early in his life, he left with his father and brothers and fled from Harran to Damascus (where he later died) due to an oppressive occupation of the Tartars in the year of 667AH.

He took a keen interest in knowledge at a young age, memorising Qur'an at the age of 7 and began to give fatwa and deliver lessons at just 17.

He was imprisoned multiple times due to his verdicts on divorce and marriage which the judges disagreed with in his time, and due to his rejection of the innovations of the Sufis, and due to the slander that he was an anthropormorphist.

He taught many Imams. From the most well-known:
Imam ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah
Al-Hafidh ibn Kathir
Al-Hafidh adh-Dhahabi and others.

ADH DHAHABI

673-748 AH 1274-1348 CE

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NAMES

SHAMS AD-DIN MUHAMMAD IBN AHMAD IBN ʿUTHMAN ADH-DHAHABI

LIVED: 14TH CENTURY

673 – 748 AH / 1274 – 1348 CE

FROM: DAMASCUS, SYRIA
KNOWN FOR:

Scholar of Hadith and Islamic History: Adh-Dhahabi is renowned for his expertise in hadith, biographical criticism, and historical accounts, often highlighted on Salafi websites for his contributions to documenting the lives and works of early Islamic scholars.

TEACHERS:

IBN TAYMIYYAH

BOOKS

• SIYAR A'LAM AN-NUBALA (BIOGRAPHIES OF NOBLE FIGURES): A KEY RESOURCE DOCUMENTING THE LIVES OF ISLAMIC SCHOLARS.
• TADHKIRAT AL-HUFFADH (MEMORIAL OF THE HADITH MASTERS): DETAILED ACCOUNTS OF HADITH SCHOLARS.

BRIEF BIO:
Adh-Dhahabi was a scholar from Damascus known for his meticulous documentation of the lives of scholars and his rigorous hadith authentication.

IBN AL QAYYIM

691-751 AH 1292-1350 CE

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NAMES

SHAMS AL-DIN ABU ʿABDULLAH MUḤAMMAD IBN ABI BAKR IBN AYYUB AL-ZURʿI AL-DIMASHQI

LIVED: 14TH CENTURY

691-751H / 1292-1350 CE

FROM: DAMASCUS, SYRIA

HIS LINEAGE TRACES BACK TO A FAMILY KNOWN FOR THEIR SCHOLARSHIP; HIS FATHER WAS THE CUSTODIAN OF AL-JAWZIYYAH SCHOOL.

KNOWN FOR:

ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE (FIQH)
THEOLOGY
HADITH STUDIES
SUFISM CRITIQUE
PROLIFIC WRITINGS IN ISLAMIC SCIENCES

STUDENT OF:

IBN TAYMIYYAH (HIS MOST NOTABLE TEACHER)

BOOKS

• ZAD AL-MAʿAD
• MADARIJ AL-SALIKIN
• IʿLAM AL-MUWAQQIʿIN

INTERESTING FACTS

He was imprisoned alongside Ibn Taymiyyah for holding and propagating views that challenged certain established religious norms of the time.
Did you know? Ibn al-Qayyim was given the nickname "Ibn al-Qayyim" because his father was the custodian (al-Qayyim) of the al-Jawziyyah school in Damascus, making his name synonymous with a legacy of learning and scholarship.

BRIEF BIO:

Ibn al-Qayyim was a distinguished scholar in various Islamic sciences, known for his close companionship with his teacher, Ibn Taymiyyah. His studies included jurisprudence, theology, and Hadith, leading to extensive works on various Islamic disciplines. His writings continue to be influential in Islamic thought.

IBN KATHIR

701-774 AH 1300-1373 CE

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NAMES

ABUL-FIDAA' ISMA'EEL IBN UMAR IBN KATHEER IBN DAW' IBN KATHEER

LIVED: 14TH CENTURY

701 - 774 H / 1300 - 1373 CE

FROM: DAMASCUS, SYRIA

HE WAS BORN IN MIJDAL, A VILLAGE TO THE EAST OF BASRA (WHICH IS A TOWN IN THE PROVINCE OF DAMASCUS), WHERE HIS FATHER WAS A KHATEEB.

LINEAGE: AL-QURASHEE, AL-BASRAWEE (AN ASCRIPTION TO BASRA), THEN AD-DIMASHQEE (AN ASCRIPTION TO DAMASCUS)

KNOWN FOR:

His book on tafseer, which is one of, if not, the most well-known explanations of the Qur'an. Some of the scholars have said that the Ummah has not seen a tafseer like this one before or after it.

TEACHERS:

HIS MOST WELL-KNOWN TEACHERS:
• SHAYKH AL-ISLAM IBN TAYMIYYAH, AND HE WAS FROM THE CLOSEST OF HIS STUDENTS TO HIM
• THE IMAM, THE MUHADDITH AL-MIZZEE, AND HE CLOSELY ACCOMPANIED HIM AND MARRIED HIS DAUGHTER
• THE IMAM, THE HISTORIAN OF ISLAAM, ADH-DHAHABI, WHO WAS ALSO FROM THE STUDENTS OF SHAYKH AL-ISLAM IBN TAYMIYYAH

BOOKS

• TAFSEER IBN KATHEER, HIS MOST FAMOUS WORK, AND ONE OF THE GREATEST WORKS OF TAFASEER EVER WRITTEN.
• AL-BIDAYAH WAN-NIHAYAH (THE BEGINNING AND THE END) - A VOLUMINOUS WORK OF HISTORY, THAT GOES THROUGH THE COMPLETE HISTORY OF ISLAM, FROM THE TIME OF ADAM, TO HIS TIME.
• AL-FUSOOL FI SEERATIL-RASOOL (CHAPTERS FROM THE LIFE OF THE MESSENGER) - A SUMMARISED WORK ON THE LIFE OF THE MESSENGER AND NOTABLE EVENTS

INTERESTING FACT

He endured suffering from those in power, due to following some of the opinions of his Shaykh, Ibn Taymiyyah.

BRIEF BIO:

His dad died 6 years after he was born, after this, he moved with his brother to Damascus. He memorised the Qur'an shortly after, at the age of 10, and read the different recitations, and excelled in tafseer.

He married Zaynab, the daughter of the Imam al-Mizzee and through this he became close and studied under him. He excelled in Fiqh, Arabic grammar, Tafseer and Hadeeth. He closely studied narrations, and the defects in them.

He became the Shaykh of the Salihiyyah School, after the death of his Shaykh adh-Dhahabee, and the Shaykh of the Daarul-Hadeeth al-Ashrafiyyah for a short while after the death of as-Subkee. He also took charge of the school of an-Najeebiyyah, and at-Tankaziyyah, and an-Nooriyyah al-Kubra

He died on Thursday, the 26th of Sha'baan, in the year of 774AH, in Damascus, and was buried therein.

IBN RAJAB

736-795 AH 1335-1393 CE

IMAM AL-MIZI

742-808 AH 1341-1406 CE

IBN ABDUL HAADI

764-744 AH 1363-1342 CE

NUR UD-DEEN AL-HAYTHAMI

d. 807 AH 1404 CE

BURHAN AL-HALABI

d. 841 AH 1437 CE

IBN HAJAR AL-ASQALAANI

733-852 AH 1372-1449 CE

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NAMES

ABU FADL JIHABUDDIN AHMED IBN ALI IBN MUHAMMAD IBN AHMED AL-KINANI AL-SHAFI'I, COMMONLY KNOWN AS IBN HAJAR AL-ASQALANI.

LIVED: 15TH CENTURY

773 - 852 AH / 1372 - 1449 CE

FROM: EGYPT

BORN IN EGYPT; HIS LINEAGE TRACES BACK TO ASQALAN, A REGION IN PALESTINE.

LINEAGE: ATTRIBUTED TO THE TRIBE OF KINANI. HIS NISBAH "AL-ASQALANI" INDICATES HIS ANCESTRAL ORIGIN FROM ASQALAN IN PALESTINE.

KNOWN FOR:

Renowned Hadith scholar, memoriser, and historian.
Best known for his commentary on Sahih Al-Bukhari, Fath Al-Bari.
Recognised for his vast contributions to Hadith sciences and jurisprudence.

STUDENT OF:

STUDIED UNDER MANY EMINENT SCHOLARS, INCLUDING:
ZAYN AL-IRAQI
AL-BALGHINI
IBN MULAQIN
AL-IZZ IBN AL-JAMAA
IBN HISHAM (ARABIC LANGUAGE EXPERT)
AL-MAJD AL-SAYRUZABADI

BOOKS

AUTHORED OVER 150 BOOKS, MOST NOTABLY: • FATH AL-BARI: COMMENTARY ON SAHIH AL-BUKHARI.
• AL-ISABA FI TAMYIZ AL-SAHABA: A WORK ON THE LIVES OF THE COMPANIONS.
• VARIOUS WORKS IN HADITH (NARRATOR SCIENCES), AND JURISPRUDENCE.

INTERESTING FACTS

Memory: Known for his phenomenal memory, once reading Sahih Muslim in two days.
Reluctance to Judge: Initially reluctant to become a judge but later accepted the role upon insistence from Sultan and others.
Books: Authored more than 250 works, demonstrating his vast knowledge in Hadith and Rijal (narrator sciences).
Humour: Known for his light jokes and friendly manner, maintaining good relations with scholars and students.

BRIEF BIO:

Early Life: Born in 773 AH in Egypt. He became an orphan at an early age, losing his mother and then his father. Started memorising the Quran at the age of five and completed it by the age of nine.

Education: Admired Hadith sciences from an early age, learning from many sheikhs in Hijaz, Al-Sham, and Egypt. His memory was extraordinary, enabling him to memorise various texts in a short period.

Teaching and Travel: Taught Tafsir, Hadith, and Fiqh in renowned places like Al-Azhar and Jami' Amr in Cairo. Travelled to more than 50 cities, including regions like Hijaz, Damascus, Yemen, and Palestine, to seek knowledge. He was known for teaching, giving fatwas, and preaching in various cities.

Legacy: His works had a vast influence, particularly in Hadith sciences. His students included renowned scholars like Imam Al-Sakhawi. Became known as Al-Hafidh for his memorization skills. His authored works, especially Fath Al-Bari, are still widely referenced today.

Later Years: Served as Qadi (judge) of Egypt and later Sham. Held the position of chief Qadi multiple times until his death in 852 AH.

FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE

1453 CE

Byzantine Empire, Modern-day Turkey, Europe/Asia.
The Ottoman Empire's conquest of Constantinople marked the end of the Byzantine Empire and the rise of Ottoman dominance in the region.
COLUMBUS'S FIRST VOYAGE

1492 CE

Europe to the Americas, Modern-day Spain to Bahamas, Americas.
Christopher Columbus's expedition led to the European discovery of the Americas, initiating widespread exploration and colonisation.
AS-SAKHAWI

831-902 AH 1427-1497 CE

YUSUF BIN HASAN AL-HANBALI

d. 909 AH 1503 CE

IMAM AS-SUYOOTI

849-911 AH 1445-1505 CE

IBN AL-TAAHIR

d. 1044 AH 1634 CE

SPANISH ARMADA

1588 CE

Spain to England, Modern-day Spain to United Kingdom, Europe.
The failed invasion of England by the Spanish Armada marked a turning point in naval warfare and established England as a major maritime power.
ENGLISH CIVIL WAR

1642-1651 CE

England, United Kingdom, Europe.
A conflict between the monarchy and Parliament, resulting in the temporary overthrow of the monarchy and establishment of the Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell.
AL-BAABILY

d. 1077 AH 1666 CE

ABDULLAH BIN SAALIM AL-BASARI

d. 1134 AH 1721 CE

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

c. 1760-1840 CE

United Kingdom and Europe, Europe.
A period of significant technological, economic, and social changes due to industrialisation, leading to the rise of factories, urbanization, and advancements in transportation.
ABU SA'AD AS-SAM'AANI

1099-1182 AH 1688-1768 CE

AS-SAFAAREENI

d. 1188 AH 1774 CE

AMERICAN DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

1776 CE

Thirteen Colonies, Modern-day USA, North America.
The Thirteen Colonies declared independence from Britain, leading to the establishment of the United States of America.
MUHAMMAD BIN ABDUL WAHAAB

1115-1206 AH 1703-1791 CE

FRENCH REVOLUTION

1789-1799 CE

France, Europe.
A period of radical social and political upheaval in France that ended absolute monarchy, established a republic, and inspired revolutionary movements worldwide.
HAITIAN REVOLUTION

1791-1804 CE

Saint-Domingue, Modern-day Haiti, Americas.
The successful slave revolt led to Haiti becoming the first independent black republic and the second independent nation in the Americas.
NAPOLEONIC WARS

1803-1815 CE

Europe.
A series of wars involving Napoleon's French Empire and opposing coalitions, reshaping Europe and leading to the rise of nationalism.
CONGRESS OF VIENNA

1815 CE

Austria, Europe.
A conference of European powers that aimed to restore order and balance of power after the Napoleonic Wars, reshaping European borders.
SULAYMAN BIN ABDILLAH

1200-1233 AH 1785-1818 CE

ASH-SHAWKAANI

1173-1250 AH 1760-1834 CE

ABDUR-RAHMAN BIN HASAN BIN ABDUL-WAHAAB

1193-1285 AH 1779-1869 CE

AMERICAN CIVIL WAR

1861-1865 CE

USA, North America.
A conflict between the Northern and Southern states over issues including slavery and states' rights, resulting in the preservation of the Union and the abolition of slavery.
MEIJI RESTORATION

1868 CE

Japan, Asia.
The restoration of imperial rule under Emperor Meiji led to the modernisation and industrialisation of Japan, transforming it into a major world power.
UNIFICATION OF GERMANY

1871 CE

Germany, Europe.
Otto von Bismarck's efforts culminated in the unification of various German states into the German Empire, altering the European political landscape.
BERLIN CONFERENCE

1884-1885 CE

Germany, Europe.
European powers divided Africa into colonies without regard for indigenous cultures, leading to extensive colonization and exploitation.
SYED NATHIR HUSSAIN AD-DAHLAWI

1220-1320 AH 1805-1902 CE

ABDURRAHMAN IBN NASIR AL-SA’DI

1307-1376 AH 1889-1956 CE

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NAMES

ABU ABDILLAH ABDUR-RAHMAN IBN NAASIR IBN ABDILLAH IBN NAASIR IBN HAMD

LIVED: 20TH CENTURY

1307-1376 H / 1889 - 1957 CE

FROM: UNAYZAH, IN AL-QASEEM, SAUDI ARABIA

HE WAS AL-SA'DEE, FROM THE TRIBE OF BANU TAMEEM

KNOWN FOR:

His vast knowledge of Fiqh, especially the Hanbali madhab, and was one of the most well-versed scholars in it at his time.

His book of Tafseer, which has been translated to many languages, due to its simplicity and ease of access for laymen and beginner students, as well as having many benefits for more advanced students.

STUDENT OF:

• SHAYKH MUHAMMAD AMEEN AL-SHINQEETI - WHO WAS A GREAT SCHOLAR OF TAFSEER AND THE ARABIC LANGUAGE AMONG OTHER SCIENCES
• SHAYKH IBRAHEEM IBN HAMD AL-JAASIR - WHO WAS HIS FIRST TEACHER AND TAUGHT HIM TAFSEER AND HADEETH SCIENCES

BOOKS

TAYSEER AL-KAREEM AR-RAHMAN (MORE COMMONLY KNOWN AS TAFSEER AS-SA'DI) - HIS GREAT WORK OF TAFSEER.

AL-QAWA'IDUL HISAAN (THE BENEFICIAL PRINCIPLES) - WHEREIN HE EXPLAINS PRINCIPLES THAT SHOULD BE UNDERSTOOD BY THOSE WANTING TO EXPLAIN AND UNDERSTAND THE QUR'AN

AND HE ALSO EXPLAINED MANY OF THE BOOKS OF IBN TAYMIYYAH AND MUHAMMAD IBN ABDUL-WAHHAB WHICH ARE NOW PRINTED

INTERESTING FACT

HE WAS ONE OF, IF NOT THE MOST, INFLUENTIAL TEACHER OF SHAYKH IBN UTHAYMEEN

BRIEF BIO:

He lived and grew up as an orphan and was looked after by his older brother who cultivated him upon knowledge and righteousness.

He began to memorise Qur'an at an early age, completing its memorisation by the age of seven. Then he began to study and acquire knowledge of the other sciences.

He would often read the books of ibn Taymiyyah and ibn Qayyim, and loved studying, revising, and memorising them.

He began teaching at 23, teaching students while reading to his scholars as well.

He fell ill in the year of 1371AH and died five years later in 1376AH

MUHAMMAD ASHIR AS-SA'SAWANI

1320 AH 1902 CE

UBAIDULLA AL-MUBARAKFOORI

1288-1414 AH 1871-1993 CE

BADI UD-DEEN AR-RASHIDI

1310-1416 AH 1892-1996 CE

ABDUR-RAHMAN AL-MU'ALIMY

1313-1386 AH 1895-1966 CE

ABDULLAH AL-QAR'AAWI

1315-1389 AH 1897-1969 CE

ABDUL AZIZ IBN BAZ

1330-1420 AH 1912-1999 CE

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NAMES

ABDUL-AZEEZ IBN ABDILLAH IBN ABDIR-RAHMAAN IBN MUHAMMAD IBN ABDILLAAH

LIVED: 20TH CENTURY

1330 - 1420 H / 1912 - 1999 CE

FROM: RIYADH

HE WAS BORN IN RIYADH, THE CAPITAL CITY OF NAJD AND WHERE HE SPENT HIS CHILDHOOD UP TO EARLY ADULT YEARS.

LINEAGEbALI BAZ, WHICH WAS A FAMILY THAT HAD DEEP ROOTS IN KNOWLEDGE, BUSINESS AND AGRICULTURE. THEIR ORIGIN WAS IN MADINAH, THEN ONE OF THEIR ANCESTORS MOVED TO DIR'IYYAH.

KNOWN FOR:

BEING THE SECOND GRAND MUFTI OF SAUDI ARABIA, AND CONSIDERED AS THE SHAYKH AL-ISLAM OF HIS GENERATION.

STUDENT OF:

• SHAYKH MUHAMMAD IBN ABDUL-LATIF IBN ABDIR-RAHMAAN IBN HASSAN IBN SHAYKH MUHAMMAD IBN ABDUL-WAHHAB
• SHAYKH MUHAMMAD IBN IBRAHIM - WHO WAS THE GRAND MUFTI OF SAUDI ARABIA BEFORE IBN BAZ AND ALSO FROM THE DESCENDANTS OF MUHAMMAD IBN ABDUL-WAHHAB
• SHAYKH SA'AD IBN HAMAD IBN ATEEQ - A QADHI (JUDGE) IN RIYADH

BOOKS

The Shaykh was very involved in writing books and treatises, and a main characteristic of them was how easy they were to understand, this is because he wrote to both the student and the layman. From his books:
• A Study and Clarification of Many Issues Relating to Hajj, Umrah and Visiting [the Holy Lands] in Light of the Book and the Sunnah - which was printed in many different languages
• A Rebuttal of Arab Nationalism in Light of Islam and Reality
• The Innovation Of Celebrating the Prophet's Birthday
• The Fifteenth of Sha'baan
And many of his fataawa [edicts] and treatises and works were gathered in a voluminous work, found in many of the libraries of the scholars and students of knowledge.

INTERESTING FACTS

· Shaykh ibn Baz founded the famous Madinah Islamic University and worked there for 15 years, and worked as the dean of the university for a time.
· He was blind for most of his life, and with that, he was deeply involved in administration, issuing fatawa, writing books, teaching lessons, memorising texts, researching and political issues taking place at his time.

BRIEF BIO:

He was born in Riyadh, and was brought up in a household of knowledge and virtue. He was born with sight, and he began to lose it at 16, and completely lost it at age 20. However, before this, he memorised the Qur'an and several small treatises as well as writing small books.

He became a judge in the city of Kharj (near Riyadh), when he was 27, and stayed there for 14 years. Then he moved on to teaching in Riyadh, at the Riyadh Educational Institute, in the Faculty of Shari'ah, and he did this for 10 more years.

Then he was present for the founding of the Islamic University of Madinah, as the deputy head to the Mufti, Shaykh Muhammad ibn Ibraheem, and worked there for 15 years.

Then in 1994 CE, he was appointed as the Mufti of Saudi Arabia and head of the Council of Senior Scholars.

During his life, alongside his work, he was busy with knowledge, and took a keen interest in the science of Hadeeth, memorising much, and would be able to recognise a Hadeeth and evaluate its strength by merely hearing it.

He passed away in the year of 1999CE, and his janazah was prayed at Masjid al-Haram in Makkah, after the Jumu'ah prayer, and was buried there.

He left a massive impact on Muslims all over the world, and especially in his home country of Saudi Arabia, where you will struggle to find a masjid wherein his name isn't mentioned during the Jumu'ah Khutbah.

WORLD WAR I

1914-1918 CE

Europe, Asia, and Africa.
A global conflict originating in Europe, involving major world powers, resulting in significant political changes, including the end of empires and redrawing of borders.
MUHAMMAD NASSIR UDEEN ALBANI

1333-1420 AH 1914-1999 CE

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NAMES

MUHAMMAD NASIR-UD DEEN IBN NUH IBN ADAM
TRIBE: NAJATEE. HE WAS CALLED AL-ALBANI AS AN ASCRIPTION TO HIS HOME COUNTRY OF ALBANIA

LIVED: 20TH CENTURY

1332 H - 1420 H / 1914 - 1999 CE

FROM: ASHKODERA, ALBANIA

HE WAS BORN IN THE CITY OF ASHKODERA, IN ALBANIA, WHERE HE LIVED SOME OF HIS CHILDHOOD, HOWEVER, MIGRATED WITH HIS FAMILY TO DAMASCUS, DUE TO AN OPPRESSIVE LEADER IN ALBANIA.

KNOWN FOR:

His great work in the field of Hadeeth, where he was especially good at evaluating the strength of narrations, and their weaknesses, and comparing between conflicting reports. These works are reference works for students of knowledge around the world.

STUDENT OF:

• HIS FATHER, SHAYKH AL-HAJJ NUH NAJATI WHO WAS A HANAFI JURIST FROM THE SCHOLARS OF ALBANIA. HE TAUGHT HIM THE QUR'AN, ITS TAJWEED, THE ARABIC LANGUAGE AND HANAFI FIQH.
• HE STUDIED UNDER SHAYKH SA'EED BURHANEE, ONE OF THE WELL-KNOWN SCHOLARS OF SHAM AT THE TIME.
• HIS MOST WELL-KNOWN SHAYKH, BAHJATUL-BAYTAAR WHO WAS THE MUFTI OF SHAM AT THE TIME, WHO HE HAD AN IJAZAH FROM TO CONVEY HADEETH ON HIS AUTHORITY. THIS RIGHT IS ONLY GIVEN TO FEW SCHOLARS AND STUDENTS.
• HE WOULD FREQUENTLY DISCUSS WITH HADITH MASTERS LIKE SHAYKH AHMED SHAKIR OF EGYPT AND SHAYKH ABDUL-SAMAD SHARFUD-DIN OF INDIA.

BOOKS

• THE PROPHET'S PRAYER DESCRIBED (SIFATU-SALATIL NABI) - WHEREIN HE MENTIONS THE AUTHENTIC NARRATIONS RELATED TO THE SALAH AND HOW THE PROPHET WOULD PRAY IT
• HE WROTE MANY WORKS AUTHENTICATING FAMOUS HADEETH WORKS, WHERE HE WOULD COMPILE THE WEAK FROM THEM, AND THE AUTHENTIC FROM THEM WITH HIS EVIDENCES, BEING A REFERENCE POINT FOR STUDENTS AND SCHOLARS OF HADEETH

INTERESTING FACTS

He studied at the Maktabatul-Dhahiriyyah so much, he was given his own keys to enter whenever he pleased.
Shaykh Muhammad Ameen ash-Shinqiti had so much respect for him, he would stand up during his lessons at the Masjid an-Nabawi to give him salaams.

BRIEF BIO:

He was born in Albania, and at an early age, he and his family made hijrah to Sham due to its virtue and closeness to Albania and due to a tyrannical ruler in Albania at the time.

There he studied in the schools of Damascus, and at the feet of its scholars. He took a keen interest in the Hadeeth of the Messenger and got ijazat from Hadeeth scholars to narrate from them.

Later, he began to teach at the Islamic University in Madinah from the time of its establishment for 3 years, and this sparked an insurgency in interest in Hadeeth and its sciences. He was praised by the scholars for this, and was named as the Mujaddid (reviver) by many of them.

He later moved to Jordan where he spent the rest of his life, passing away at the age of eighty-six.

RUSSIAN REVOLUTION

1917 CE

Russia, Europe/Asia.
The Bolshevik Revolution led to the overthrow of the Russian monarchy and the establishment of the Soviet Union, influencing global politics.
TREATY OF VERSAILLES

1919 CE

France, Europe.
The peace treaty that ended World War I, imposing reparations on Germany and reshaping European borders, setting the stage for future conflicts.
AL-HAAKAMI

1342-1377 AH 1924-1958 CE

MUHAMMAD IBN SALIH AL-UTHAYMEEN

1347-1421 AH 1925-2001 CE

GREAT DEPRESSION

1929-1939 CE

Global
A severe worldwide economic depression that led to massive unemployment, poverty, and political instability, influencing policies and reforms.
ABU AHMAD MUHAMMAD AMAN IBN ALI AL-JAMI

1349 - 1416 H 1930 - 1996 CE

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NAMES

ABU AHMAD MUHAMMAD AMAN IBN ALI AL-JAMI

LIVED: 20TH CENTURY

1349 H - PRESENT / 1930 CE - PRESENT

FROM: ETHIOPIA

HE WAS BORN AND RAISED IN HABASHA (ETHIOPIA), IN THE HARARI REGION, IN A SMALL VILLAGE CALLED TUGHAA TAAB.
LINEAGE: al-Jami

KNOWN FOR:

He was one of the teachers in Madinah University, and taught many students, well-respected as a scholar of the correct Islamic creed, and many flocked to his lessons. He was also a teacher in the College of Shari'ah in the Islamic University of Madinah, and was one of those most firm in refuting the extremists in the 80s and 90s.

STUDENT OF:

• IN HIS HOME VILLAGE HE STUDIED ARABIC WITH SHAYKH MUHAMMAD AMIN AL-HURAREE.
• IN SAUDI ARABIA HE BENEFITTED FROM SHAYKH ABDUR-RAZZAQ HAMZAH, SHAYKH ABDUL HAQQ AL-HASHIMI AND SHAYKH MUHAMMAD ABDULLAH AS-SOMALI AND OTHER THAN THEM.
• HE THEN BENEFITTED FROM SHAYKH MUHAMMAD IBN IBRAHIM, THE MUFTI OF HIS TIME, SHAYKH MUHAMMAD AMEEN ASH-SHINQITI AND SHAYKH ABDUR-RAZZAQ AFIFI.
• HE ALSO BENEFITTED FROM THE GREAT SCHOLAR MUHAMMAD KHALIL HARRAS AND HE LATER EXPLAINED ONE OF HIS EXPLANATIONS OF ANOTHER WORK.

BOOKS

• AL-ṢIFĀT AL-ILĀHIYYAH (THE DIVINE ATTRIBUTES) - WHICH IS ONE OF HIS MOST BENEFICIAL WORKS AND IT IS REGARDING THE ATTRIBUTES OF ALLAAH AND HOW TO GO ABOUT THE ISSUE WITHOUT GOING TO EXTREMES IN DENIAL OR AFFIRMATION.
• HAQIQATUL-DIMUQRATIYYAH WA ANNAHA LAYSAT MIN AL-ISLAM (THE REALITY OF DEMOCRACY AND THAT IT IS NOT FROM ISLAM)
• AL-AQIDAH AL-ISLAMIYYAH WA TARIKHUHA (THE ISLAMIC CREED AND ITS HISTORY) - AND IT WAS ORIGINALLY A LECTURE WHICH HE DELIVERED, THAT WAS TRANSCRIBED AND PUBLISHED.

INTERESTING FACTS

The Shaykh is one of those who migrated for the sake of Allaah as he migrated from Ethiopia to Somalia then to Aden, Yemen. There they faced much danger, but walked on during the month of Ramadan until they reached Saudi Arabia on foot, all for the sake of seeking knowledge and performing the Hajj.

BRIEF BIO:

He was born in a small village in Ethiopia and there, he memorised the Qur'an and the books of Fiqh of the Shafi'i madhab and the Arabic language.

He then made hijrah to Saudi Arabia with his colleague and fellow student, Shaykh Abdul-Karim. There, he performed his obligatory Hajj and then began to sit in the sittings of knowledge in the Masjid al-Haram in Makkah, benefitting from its scholars.

He became familiar with the Shaykh ibn Baz and accompanied him on his travels to Riyadh in the same year that he opened the educational institute there. He completed his secondary school studies there, and went on to enrol and graduate from the College of Shari'ah in 1960 CE.

He then received his Master's Degree in Shari'ah from the University of Punjab in 1974CE and then received his doctorate from Dar al-Ulum in Cairo. He carried on studying under the scholars in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, busying himself with knowledge.

He was appointed as a teacher in the secondary school of the Islamic University of Madinah soon after it was open and then appointed to teach in the College of Shari'ah.

He was afflicted at the end of his life with an incurable disease which kept him bedridden for nearly a year and passed away on Wednesday the 20th of Sha'ban in the year 1416H.

ABDUL-MUHSIN AL-ABBAD

1349 H - PRESENT 1930 CE - PRESENT

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NAMES

ABDUL-MUHSIN BIN HAMAD AL-ABBAD

LIVED: 20TH CENTURY

1349 H - PRESENT / 1930 CE - PRESENT

FROM: ZULFI, SAUDI ARABIA
KNOWN FOR:

A leading scholar in Hadith sciences, former professor, and the first principal of the Islamic University of Madinah. Renowned for his teaching at the Prophet's Mosque and his emphasis on unity among Ahlus Sunnah.

STUDENT OF:

• SHEIKH MUHAMMAD IBN IBRAHIM AL-SHEIKH
• SHEIKH ABDUL-AZIZ IBN BAZ

BOOKS

• RIFQAN AHL AL-SUNNAH BI AHL AL-SUNNAH (WRITTEN IN 1416 AH/1995 CE)
• VARIOUS OTHER WORKS ON HADITH AND FIQH

INTERESTING FACTS

Did you know? He started teaching at the Prophet's Mosque in 1406 AH (1985 CE) and remains active to this day.
Did you know? His book Rifqan Ahl al-Sunnah bi Ahl al-Sunnah was praised for advocating unity among scholars of Ahlu Sunnah

BRIEF BIO:

Shaykh Abdul-Muhsin was born in 1930 CE (1349 AH) and began his formal education in Zulfi, later moving to Riyadh. He joined the Islamic University of Madinah at its inception in 1961 CE (1381 AH) and served as its first principal. Despite his advanced age, he continues to teach at the Prophet's Mosque, advocating for gentleness, wisdom, and unity in scholarship.

MUQBIL BIN HADI AL-WADI'I

1356-1422 AH 1935-2001 CE

UBAID AL-JABIRI

1357-1444 AH 1938-2022 CE

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NAMES

UBAID IBN ABDULLAH IBN SULAIMAN AL-HAMDANI AL-JABIRI

LIVED: 20TH CENTURY

1357-1444 AH / 1938-2022 CE

FROM: MEDINA, SAUDI ARABIA

BORN IN A VILLAGE CALLED FAKIR IN THE FAR' VALLEY OF MEDINA, HIJAZ, SAUDI ARABIA.

LINEAGE:From the Jabir tribe, a branch of the well-known Harb tribe in the Hijaz region of Saudi Arabia.

KNOWN FOR:

Renowned Islamic scholar known for his knowledge and teaching of Aqeedah (Islamic creed), Tafsir, Hadith, and the methodology of the Salaf (righteous predecessors).
Gave commentary on many classical Islamic texts, especially those written by Imam Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahab.

STUDENT OF:

STUDIED UNDER SEVERAL PROMINENT SCHOLARS, INCLUDING:
• SHEIKH SAIF AL-RAHMAN IBN AHMAD
• SHEIKH AMMAR IBN ABDULLAH
• SHEIKH ABDULLAH IBN ABDUL AZIZ AL-KHUDAIRI
• SHEIKH AWZA IBN TALQ AL-AHMADI
• SHEIKH DAKHILULLAH IBN KHALIFA AL-KHULAITI
• SHEIKH ABD AL-RAHMAN IBN ABDULLAH IBN AJLAN
• SHEIKH HAMAD IBN MUHAMMAD AL-ANSARI (GREAT SCHOLAR OF HADITH FROM MALI)
• SHEIKH ABD AL-MUHSIN AL-ABBAD
• SHEIKH ABU BAKR AL-JAZAYRI

BOOKS

AUTHORED SEVERAL BOOKS AND COMMENTARIES, INCLUDING:
• EXPLANATION OF THALATHATUL USOOL (THE THREE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES)
• EXPLANATION OF SITTAT USOOL (SIX PRINCIPLES)
• QAWAID AL-ARBA' (FOUR RULES)
• KITAB AL-TAFSIR FROM SAHIH AL-BUKHARI

INTERESTING FACTS

Blindness: Sheikh Ubaid was blind, but he did not let this hinder his pursuit of knowledge and teaching. He maintained an impressive memory and understanding of the religion.
Concern for Others: Was known for his care for his students and concern for their well-being. He was described as having "hayba" (awe-inspiring presence) and a welcoming nature.
Legacy: His passing had a profound impact on the global Ahlus Sunnah community due to his involvement in supporting and nurturing Islamic knowledge, particularly in the West.

BRIEF BIO:

Early Life: Born in 1357 AH (1938 CE) in the village of Fakir, moved to Medina in 1374 AH (1954 CE). His early education included primary schooling in Mahd al-Dhahab.

Education: Joined Dar al-Hadith in Medina in 1381 AH (1961 CE) and later the Islamic University of Medina. Graduated with excellent grades in 1392 AH (1972 CE). Completed a master's degree in Tafsir.

Career: Served as Imam in Masjid Sabq in Medina, taught at intermediate schools, and worked as a Da'i (caller to Islam) at the Da'wah Center in Medina. Later became a teacher at the Islamic University of Medina until his retirement.

Character: Known for his kindness to students, openness to people from all over the world, and concern for spreading Islamic knowledge. Welcomed students into his home for questions and teachings. Maintained a deep connection with Ahlus Sunnah in both the East and the West.

Passing: Passed away in 1444 AH (2022 CE) at the age of 87.

WORLD WAR II

1939-1945 CE

Global
A global conflict involving most of the world's nations, resulting in significant loss of life, the Holocaust, and the reconfiguration of international power structures.
FORMATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS

1945 CE

USA, North America.
Established after World War II to promote peace, security, and cooperation among nations, replacing the League of Nations.
INDIAN INDEPENDENCE

1947 CE

India, Asia.
India gained independence from British rule, leading to the partition of India and Pakistan and significant geopolitical changes in South Asia.
CHINESE COMMUNIST REVOLUTION

1949 CE

China, Asia.
The Communist Party of China, led by Mao Zedong, established the People's Republic of China, transforming Chinese society and politics.
KOREAN WAR

1950-1953 CE

Korea, Asia.
A conflict between North Korea, supported by China and the Soviet Union, and South Korea, supported by UN forces led by the USA, ending in an armistice and division of Korea.
CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS

1962 CE

Cuba, Americas.
A 13-day confrontation between the USA and the Soviet Union over Soviet ballistic missiles in Cuba, bringing the world to the brink of nuclear war.
CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT

1950s-1960s CE

USA, North America.
A movement for social justice and equality, led by figures like Martin Luther King Jr., resulting in significant legislative and societal changes for African Americans.
MOON LANDING

1969 CE

USA, North America.
ANASA's Apollo 11 mission successfully landed astronauts on the Moon, marking a significant achievement in space exploration.
FALL OF THE BERLIN WALL

1989 CE

Germany, Europe.
The dismantling of the Berlin Wall symbolized the end of the Cold War and led to the reunification of Germany.
DISSOLUTION OF THE SOVIET UNION

1991 CE

Soviet Union, Modern-day Russia and former Soviet states, Europe/Asia.
The breakup of the Soviet Union ended the Cold War and led to the independence of multiple countries.